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2+2: See Two plus two.
3-spd: Abbreviation for "three-speed," either manual or automatic transmission.
4-spd: Abbreviation for "four-speed," either manual or automatic transmission.
4/C: Abbreviation for "four-color," usually referring to color photographs or slides. A term used in classified advertisements to indicate the availability of pictures of a vehicle.
4WD: Abbreviation for four-wheel drive. This term should be distinguished from FWD which is front-wheel drive.
4WS: Abbreviation for four-wheel steering.
49-state car: See Federal version
8-trk: Abbreviation for "eight-track" tape player found in many '60s and some '70s cars.
A Bone: Model "A" Ford.
AAA: Acronym for "American Automobile Association."
AABM: Acronym for "Association of American Battery Manufacturers, Inc."
ABDC: A term used in timing the relation of the spark and the crank. It stands for After Bottom Dead Center.
ABS: See "Anti-lock brakes"
A/C: See "Air conditioning."
AC: See "Alternating current."
Acc: Abbreviation for "Accessories."
AEA: Acronym for "Automotive Electric Association."
AERA: Acronym for "Automotive Engine Rebuilders Association."
A/F ratio: See "Air-fuel ratio"
AFB: Acronym for "Aluminum four-barrel," as in "Carter AFB carburetor."
AHRA: Acronym for "American Hot Rod Association."
Air.: See "Air conditioning."
AIR: An acronym for "Air Injection Reactor" system of reducing objectionable exhaust emissions.
Alum.: See "Aluminum."
AM/FM: A radio capable of receiving amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) signals.
AMC: Acronym for "American Motors Corp" an organization which merged with Chrysler Corporation.
API: Acronym for "American Petroleum Institute," the organization that classifies oil.
A-pillar: See "A-post."
A-post: When you look at the side of a car, the post that is attached to the windshield and supports the roof is called the "A-post" or "A-pillar." There are two to each car.
ASME: Acronym for "American Society of Mechanical Engineers."
ATB: See "All-terrain bike."
ATDC: See "After top dead center."
ATF: See: "Automatic Transmission Fluid" and "Transmission fluid"
ATV: Acronym for "All Terrain Vehicle."
Auto: See "Automatic transmission."
AWD: Acronym for "All-wheel drive."
B & S: Bore & stroke.
B & S gauge: Abbreviation for "Brown and Sharpe." A standard measure of wire diameter.
B-pillar: See "B-post."
B-post: The center body post on sedans. It connect the sills and provides roof support. Sometimes referred to as simply post, as in "1957 Chevy two-door post." On a true hardtop design these pillars are missing, leaving uninterrupted glass area along the sides of the car. Also called "B-pillar."
BBDC: Abbreviation for Before bottom dead center.
Bbl: Abbreviation for barrel, as in "4-bbl carburetor."
BCI: Acronym for "Battery Council International."
BDC: Abbreviation for Bottom dead center.
Bhp: See Brake horsepower.
BTDC: Before top dead center. Spark occurs on the compression stroke, before the piston reaches top dead center.
BTU: See: British thermal unit.
BUDC: Before upper dead center. Same as BTDC.
B/W: Black and white, usually referring to photographs.
BW: Abbreviation for Blackwall, as in "BW tires."
C-pillar: See "C-post."
C-post: The body post that supports the rear of the roof and to which the left and right sides of the back glass are attached. Also called "C-pillar."
CA: API classification for diesel engine oil widely used in the late '40s and '50s.
CB: Diesel engine oil introduced in 1949.
CC: Cruise control.
CC: Diesel engine oil introduced in 1961.
CCCA: Acronym for Classic Car Club of America.
CCS: Acronym for Controlled combustion system of reducing unburned hydrocarbon emission from the engine exhaust.
CD: Diesel engine oil introduced in 1955.
CD: See Capacitive discharge.
CDI box: Acronym for Capacitive discharge ignition device sometimes controlled by a computer. It is designed to help the spark plugs fire at a rate consistent with the rpms of the engine.
Cid: Abbreviation for cubic inch displacement.
CO: Abbreviation for Carbon monoxide. A deadly, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas found in the engine exhaust. Toxic even in relatively small concentrations. Formed by incomplete burning of hydrocarbons. Thus at its greatest with a rich mixture.
Cpe: Abbreviation for Coupe.
CR: Abbreviation for Compression ratio.
C-spanner: A wrench whose end is shaped like a C, used to loosen the lockring on a bottom bracket of a bicycle.
Cu. ft.: Abbreviation for "cubic feet."
Cu. in.: Abbreviation for "cubic inch" (also C.I.)
Cyl: Abbreviation for cylinder, as in "12-cyl. engine."
Dbl: Abbreviation for "double," as in "dbl.-wide rear wheels."
DC: 1. As an electrical term, it is an abbreviation for direct current. 2. As a piston position, DC is an abbreviation for dead center where the piston at the extreme top or bottom of its stroke.
DIN: Acronym for "Deutsche Industrie Normen" (German industrial standards). DIN horsepower is similar to the SAE net horsepower. It is measured at the output shaft of an engine fully equipped with normal accessories.
DOHC: Abbreviation for double-overhead camshaft. Refers to an engine with two overhead camshafts. See Double-overhead cam.
Dr: Abbreviation for "door," as in "2-dr. sedan."
E-box: Any electronic box including capacitive discharge ignition and computer controlled devices.
EGR: Acronym for Exhaust-gas recirculation.
EMF: Abbreviation for "electromotive force" See voltage.
EN-block: One piece -- such as an engine cylinder block cast in one piece.
EP lubricant: See extreme pressure lubricant.
EPA estimates: An American organization (Energy Protection Agency) which determines the fuel consumption of various vehicles. It takes into account city and highway driving. These figures may be helpful in comparing one vehicle against another. Your vehicle can greatly exceed these estimates with sensible driving, the use of cruise control, obeying the speed limits, avoiding rapid starts, coasting long before a stop light or sign.
ET: Abbreviation for Elapsed time. The length of time it takes a dragster to complete the one-fourth mile run.
ETA: Abbreviation for "expected time of arrival"
Exc: Abbreviation for "excellent," as in "exc condition."
Ext: Abbreviation for "exterior."
F-head engine: An engine having one valve in the head and the other in the block. The position of the valves create an "F" shape in combination with the combustion chambers.
F.I.: Abbreviation for fuel injection.
FM: Frequency modulation. A term used to describe a type of radio frequency. Also see "AM/FM."
FOB: 1. Acronym for "Freight on Board." Used to describe when goods are loaded for free on a delivery vehicle at the seller's place of business, but the buyer has to pay transportation charges to the delivery destination. 2. When not an acronym, it refers to the device on a key chain which may contain your name or a company name, etc. fob
Fomoco: Abbreviation for "Ford Motor Co."
Gal.: Abbreviation for "gallon." A US gallon (3.785 liters) is 20% smaller than an Imperial gallon (4.546 liters).
GL: A term referring to gold line tires marketed in the late '60s and early '70s.
GM: Acronym for "General Motors Corp."
Gpm: Abbreviation for "gallons per minute."
GT: Abbreviation for "Gran Turismo."
GTO: Abbreviation for "Gran Turismo Omologato."
H: A letter rating for tires to indicate that they are theoretically rated for speeds up to 130 mph [210 kph], as in "P185HR13."
HB: Abbreviation for hatchback.
HC: Unburned hydrocarbons. They are at their worst with very rich or very lean mixtures. They combine with NOx in sunlight to form photochemical smog.
HD: Abbreviation for "heavy duty."
Hdtp: Abbreviation for hardtop.
Hi Perf: Abbreviation for "high performance," also called "hi-po" or "hi po."
Hi-po: See "Hi perf."
HP: Abbreviation for horsepower.
HT: Abbreviation for hardtop.
HUD: An acrostic for heads up display which is a system of mounting gauges so that the read-out is shown on the windshield. In this way the driver does not have to take his eyes off the road to see how his car is performing.
Hwy: Abbreviation for "highway."
ICEI: Acronym for "Internal Combustion Engine Institute, Inc."
ID: Abbreviation for "inside diameter."
IFI: Abbreviation for "Industrial Fasteners Institute"
Ifs: Abbreviation for Independent front suspension.
I-head engine: An engine where both intake and exhaust valves are placed directly over the piston. The cam is located in the block and the valves are activated by pushrods and rocker arms. Also called overhead-valve engine or valve-in-head engine.
IHP: Abbreviation for Indicated horsepower.
Incl: Abbreviation for "includes," as in "price incl. tax."
Int: Abbreviation for "interior."
Irs: Abbreviation for Independent rear suspension.
Kph: Abbreviation for kilometer per hour. Speeds in Canada and Europe are posted in kph. To convert kph to mph, divide by 1.609344. Thus 50 kph is about 30 mph; 70 kph is 44 mph; 90 kph is 56 mph; 100 kph is 62 mph; 110 kph is 68 mph. Maximum speed in Canada on its freeways is 110 kph.
L/100 km: This is the metric measurement of fuel consumption or fuel economy. The lower the number the more economical the vehicle. Thus a car that gives 7 l/100 km is better than one that gives 8 l/100 km. A car that gives 7.3 l/100 km is giving 32.2 mpg US and 38.7 mpg Imperial.
Lb: Abbreviation for "pound."
LHD: Abbreviation for "left hand drive."
L-head engine: An engine having both valves in the block and on the same side of the cylinder. The arrangement of the valves in the block and the combustion chamber forms an "L" shape. See Flathead.
Limo: Abbreviation for limousine.
LPG: Abbreviation for "liquefied petroleum gas" or a mixture of butane and propane. In Canada, propane is the recognized term, not LPG as used in the U.S.A. Volatile petroleum gases are compressed to a liquid form. It must be kept under pressure or at a low temperature to keep it in a liquid form. It is generally less expensive than gasoline yet has high octane. It also does not create as much carbon deposit in the engine or dilute engine oil as gasoline does thus reducing the need to change spark plugs and other components as frequently. However, if not serviced and maintained properly, it can result in leakage and possible explosion. Most underground parking facilities will not accept propane powered vehicles.
M+S: Abbreviation for "mud and snow," as in "M+S tire."
Mag: Abbreviation for magneto; or for "magnesium," as in "mag wheels."
MEMA: Acronym for "Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association."
Mep: Abbreviation for Mean effective pressure.
MEWA: Acronym for "Motor and Equipment Wholesalers Association."
Mpg: Abbreviation for "miles per gallon," as a measure of fuel consumption. The U.S. gallon is 3.785 liters. The Imperial gallon is 20% larger (4.546 liters). When a car gets 30 mpg (US), he will get 36 mpg (Imperial). The metric system calculates fuel consumption as the number of liters per 100 kilometers. The same car will be giving 7.8 l/100 km.
Mph: Abbreviation for "miles per hour." The metric equivalent is Kilometers per hour (kph). To convert Miles to Kilometers, multiply by 1.609344. It may be easier to divide the miles by 10 (i.e., knock off a zero) and then double it four times. Thus 60 mph divided by 10 is 6. Doubled is 12, doubled is 24, doubled is 48, doubled is 96. The accurate figure is 96.56, but 96 is probably close enough. To convert from Kilometers to Miles, divide by 1.609344. It may be easier to multiply is by 10, then chop it in half four times. Thus 70 kilometers becomes 700. Chopped in half it is 350, chopped again is 175, again is 87, and one more time is 43.5. Accurately it is 43.49.
MVMA: Acronym for "Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association."
NACA duct: This is an air opening which was named after the National Advisory Committee for Aerodynamics. It was the American organization which developed the kinds of designs for low drag air ducts for jet engines. NACA ducts are used on cars to force air for engine breathing and cooling, for forcing air through the radiators, and for providing fresh air for the passenger compartment.
Neg: Abbreviation for "negotiable," as in "the price is neg." Also it may refer to the negative terminal of a battery, or negative ground.
NORS: Abbreviation for "new old replacement stock," or "new old reproduction stock." These are parts that were aftermarket replacements, usually of the same quality, for the manufacturer's parts. Or, they are parts that were reproduced by an aftermarket supplier using the same quality of materials and manufacture as the original manufacturer, but now are "old."
NOS: Abbreviation for "new old stock." These are parts that originally were available from the manufacturer of an automobile. They have never been used, thus are "new." But they also may have been on the shelf for decades, thus are "old."
NOx: Oxides of nitrogen. They are at their worst when combustion is most efficient. They are produced because the air is 78 percent nitrogen. Combines with HC in sunlight to form photochemical smog. NOx emissions can be reduced by lowering peak combustion temperatures through lowering compression ratios and by recirculating exhaust gases.
NSPA: National Standard Parts Association.
NTF: Abbreviation for "notify." When a mail order seller does not have the merchandise in stock, but expects to get it in the future, he tells a customer the item's status with "NTF," which means he will notify the buyer when it is in stock.
O.a.c.: An abbreviation used by car dealers to indicate "on approval of credit."
OBO: Abbreviation for "or best offer" which indicates that the seller is willing to negotiate. If you offered $10 for a car and you were the only one who made an offer, technically your offer is the best. However most sellers understand "$3000 obo" as meaning "about $3000, maybe less." Some think it means "I'll sell it for $3000; but if someone offers $4000, I will take that instead."
OBRO: Abbreviation for "or best reasonable offer"
OD: Abbreviation for "outside diameter" or overdrive.
OE: Abbreviation for original equipment.
OEM: Abbreviation for "original equipment manufacturer." Products supplied by the company which first created the product.
OHC: Abbreviation for overhead camshaft.
OHV: Abbreviation for overhead valve -- valve-in-head engine in which the valves are directly above the piston.
ONO: Abbreviation for "or nearest offer" as a term of negotiation which indicates that the seller is not too flexible in his price.
Opt: Abbreviation for "options" or optional equipment.
Orig: Abbreviation for "original," as in "orig. owner."
P: A tire designation for "Passenger," as used in rating tires such as P185R13.
P. ant: Abbreviation for "power antenna."
P. Seat: Abbreviation for power seats."
PA: Abbreviation for "power antenna."
PB: Abbreviation for power brakes or for "pushbutton" as in "PB radio."
PCV system: Abbreviation for positive crankcase ventilation system. A system which prevents crankcase vapors from being discharged directly into the atmosphere. Also see Closed crankcase ventilation.
PCV valve: Part of the positive crankcase ventilation system, which reroutes crankcase blow-by to the intake manifold and back to the engine, where it is reburned in the cylinders as part of the fuel-air mixture. This cuts emission pollution and increases fuel economy because unburned fuel in the blow-by is consumed the second time around. It also keeps the blow-by and water vapor from fouling the oil in the crankcase, thus reducing the formation of engine sludge.
PDB: Abbreviation for "power disc brakes."
PDL: Abbreviation for "power door locks."
PDLR: Abbreviation for "power deck lid release."
PDR: Abbreviation for "power deck release."
PG: Abbreviation for powerglide automatic transmission.
Pos: Abbreviation for positive ground.
Ppm: Abbreviation for "parts-per-million." Term used in determining extent of pollution existing in given sample of air.
PS: Abbreviation for power steering.
Psi: Abbreviation for "pounds per square inch." A unit of inflation for a tire, or a unit of measurement for an engine's compression. Metric measurement uses kilopascals.
PSR: Abbreviation for "power sun roof."
PTO: Abbreviation for power take off.
PW: Abbreviation for "power windows."
R: Letter designation for tires to indicate that they are radial as in "P185R13 tire."
RAVE valve: A device used on two-stroke engines which automatically alters or varies the exhaust port size. It stands for Rotax adjustable variable exhaust.
Rdstr.: Abbreviation for roadster.
RH: Abbreviation for "right hand," as in "RH drive." For all vehicles, left and right are from the perspective of sitting in the driver's seat.
RHD: Abbreviation for "right-hand drive."
RL: Refers to red line tires which were marketed in the late '60s and early 70s.
Rpm: Abbreviation for "revolutions per minute." A tachometer measures engine revolutions in terms of rpm. Also see Engine speed and Red line.
RS: 1. Abbreviation for "Rally Sport"; a term used to identify some Chevrolet Camaro models. 2. Abbreviation for rumble seat.
RTV: Abbreviation for "Room Temperature Vulcanizing" sealant.
Rwl: Abbreviation for "raised white letter," as in "rwl tires."
SA: API classification for straight mineral oil used in early gasoline engines.
SAE: Acronym for "Society of Automotive Engineers." It publishes automotive research papers and defines various automotive standards of measurement.
SASE: Self-addressed stamped envelope. Often used in advertisements where the seller will provide information if potential buyers will send a SASE enclosed in their query letter. Also see "SSAE."
SB: Oil with some additive protection, for early gasoline engines only.
SC: Oil for 1964 and previous model years.
SD: Improved oil for 1968 and previous model years.
SE: 1. Further improved oil for 1972 and previous model years. 2. Abbreviation for "special edition."
SEMA: Acronym for "Specialty Equipment Market Association.," the aftermarket and reproduction car parts organization.
SF: Further improved oil for 1980-1988 model years and previous years.
SG: Improved oil for 1989 model years and previous years.
SOHC: Refers to an engine with a single overhead camshaft. See Overhead camshaft.
Spd: Abbreviation for speed, as in "4-spd. transmission."
Spec: Abbreviation for "special," as in "spec. paint colors."
Specs: Abbreviation for specifications.
Spkrs: Abbreviation for "speakers," as in "dual rear spkrs."
Sq. Ft.: Abbreviation for "square foot."
Sq. In.: Abbreviation for "square inch."
SRS: Abbreviation for "Supplemental Restraint System," or "Supplemental Restraint inflatable air-bag System." The letters appear on the steering wheel and/or instrument panel. In fact, dual airbags are standard in all of the 1998 cars, except for some sub-compacts and very small models.
SSAE: Acronym for "Stamped, self-addressed envelope."
Std: Abbreviation for "standard," as in "std. transmission." See standard transmission
SUV: An acrostic for "sport utility vehicle" which includes the Ford Bronco, GMC Jimmy, Chevrolet Blazer, Jeep Cherokee, Toyota Forerunner, and Nissan Pathfinder.
SW: Abbreviation for station wagon.
Tach: Tachometer
T-Bone: Model-T Ford car.
TDC: Abbreviation for top dead center.
Tele: Abbreviation for "telescoping steering wheel."
T-Ford: Model-T Ford car.
T-head: An engine in which the arrangement of the valves on either side of the combustion chamber creates a "T" configuration. Usually the intake valves are on one side and the exhaust on the other. The modern crossflow cylinder heads are variations on this old concept. But the original design is not in current use.
Thou: An abbreviation for "thousandth" or one divided by a thousand, as in "ten thou" of an inch (0.01") which is about .25 mm.
TV rod: This refers to the throttle valve rod that extends from the foot throttle linkage to the throttle valve in the automatic transmission.
U-brakes: Heavy-duty centerpull mountain bike brakes that affix to frame posts.
U-joint: Abbreviation for universal joint.
Uph: Abbreviation for upholstery.
V: A tire rating for speeds above 130 mph (210 kph) as in "P185VR13."
V-type engine: An engine in which the cylinders occur in two rows set at an angle to each other with the crankshaft running through the point of the V. The single crankshaft is turned by both banks of cylinders. The angle of displacement is generally between 60 and 90 degrees. Although the most common engines are V-8 and V-6, manufacturers have used V-4 and V-12.
W/: Abbreviation for "with," as in "black w/white top."
W/o: Abbreviation for "without," as in "excellent condition, w/o body damage."
WW: Abbreviation for whitewall, as in "ww tires."
WWW: Abbreviation for "wide whitewall," as in "www tires."
X: Originally this letter indicated "experimental" vehicles, but later came to indicate an "exotic" or unusual vehicle.
X-type engine: An engine in which the cylinders occur in four rows set at an angle from each other with the crankshaft running through the intersection of the X. The single crankshaft is turned by all banks of cylinders.
ZF: An abbreviation for Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen, which is a German company that manufactures transmissions and transaxles used in many exotic, high performance, and racing cars.
A-arm: A suspension linkage formed in the shape of an "A" or "V" found commonly on the front suspension. The sides of the two legs of the A-arm are connected to the chassis by rubber bushings and the peak of the A-arm is attached to the wheel assembly. In this way, the wheel can freely move up and down. Sometimes there is an upper A-arm, a lower A-arm, or both upper and lower A-arms.
Abrasion: Wearing or rubbing away.
Abrasive: A hard grit used for sanding or grinding.
Absorber: See damper
AC: The 1925-48 model is a classic car
AC Ace: The 1954-61 model is a milestone car
AC Aceca: The 1955-61 model is a milestone car
AC Buckland Open Tourer: The 1949 model is a milestone car
AC (Shelby) Cobra: The 1962-67 model is a milestone car
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity or speed. Velocity is steady and is measured in distance per time (e.g., feet per second, miles per hour, kilometres per hour). Acceleration keeps increasing and is measured in velocity per time (e.g., feet per second per second or feet per second squared). Also see lateral acceleration
Accelerator: In automobiles, this is the "gas pedal" which is attached by linkage to the throttle in the carburetor or to the fuel injection system. It regulates the amount of fuel which is sent to the engine. In motorcycles, the accelerator is located on the right-hand twist grip or an actuating lever.
Accelerator pump: A small pump usually located inside the carburetor that sprays an extra amount of fuel into the engine during acceleration.
Accelerometer: An instrument which measures the amount of acceleration.
Access panel: The cover which conceals the engine on a mid-engine vehicle. Also called "engine cover." Also see hood
Accessories: Items and packages of equipment which are beyond the standard equipment supplied in a new vehicle.
Accumulator piston: A unit found in the automatic transmission to assist the servo to apply the brake band quickly and smoothly.
Ace: See "AC Ace"
Aceca: See "AC Aceca"
Ackermann steering: The outer ends of the steering arms are bent slightly inward so that when the car is making a turn, the inside wheel will turn more sharply than the outer wheel. This is done to compensate for the greater distance the outside wheel must travel.
Acrylic: a term relating to a type of paint made by polymerizing acrylonitrile.
Active safety: The opposite of passive safety. Passive safety involves seat belts, airbags, bumpers, etc. so that in the event of an accident the passengers are protected. Active safety involves factors which will assist the driver in avoiding an accident. They include brakes, steering, handling response, acceleration, etc.
Additive: A substance (liquid or powder) which is added to gasoline or oil and is intended to improve the characteristics of the original product.
Adhesion: The ability of paint, primer, or glue to stick to the surface to which it is applied.
Adjustable cup: The left-hand cup in a bottom bracket of a bicycle, used in adjusting the bottom bracket bearings and removed during bottom bracket overhaul.
Adjustable shocks: Shock absorbers which can compensate for varying needs of stiffness or softness. Manual types require that you physically make the adjustment from one level to another. Automatic types are controlled by a computer as it senses particular changes in road condition.
Adjustable Variable Exhaust Port: A device used on two-stroke engines which automatically alters or varies the exhaust port size.
Adler: With required application the 1925-48 model is a classic car
Advance: 1. The act of changing the ignition timing so that the spark occurs earlier in the cycle. 2. It may refer to the device which makes this adjustment. See centrifugal advance and vacuum advance
Aerodynamic drag: The resistance of the air to forward movement, sometimes called "air resistance." This is a factor of the shape of the vehicle, the objects which stick out (i.e., mirrors, mufflers, bumpers), the amount of turbulence at the rear of the vehicle, the nature of the vehicle's skin surface, and the amount of air going through the vehicle for cooling and ventilation. The faster you go, the greater the air friction (air friction = velocity x velocity). The faster you go, the greater the amount of power needed to overcome this drag (power = velocity x velocity x velocity).
Aerofoil: A body shaped so as to produce lift.
After bottom dead center: Abbreviated as ABDC
Afterburner: A device for burning excess carbon wastes produced by the engine so that air pollution is reduced
After top dead center: A term used in timing the relation of the spark and the crank. Abbreviated as ATDC
Aggressive: A French expression to indicate the reinforced front, rear, and side safety structures of a car. If the strengthened structure causes more than normal damage to another car, a pedestrian, or the occupants of the car, then that structure is aggressive.
Aggressivity: See "aggressive"
Ahoogah: See horn
Air: A gas containing approximately 80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, and a small portion of other gases. One of the essential factors in a combustion engine (Fuel, Air, Proper proportion of mixture, Compression, Timing, Spark).
Air bleed: See compensating jet
Air bleed screw: See idle air bleed screw
Air capacity: See breathing capacity
Air cleaner: A device which filters the air entering the engine to remove dust, dirt, and bumblebees. Also called "air filter." Also see oil bath air cleaner and paper air cleaner
Air cleaner horn: Many air cleaner canisters have a spout or horn extending from the edge of the canister into which the air is taken in. See heated intake
Air conditioner: Abbreviated as A/C or just Air. A system of devices which causes a reduction or control of the temperature and humidity within the cab of a vehicle. It was first offered on the 1941 Packard Also see Compressor and Condenser
Air cooled engine: An engine which generally has large fins or ribs and is often exposed to the outside air. The heat of the engine is dissipataed through the fins of the engine. In contrast, the heat in a water cooled engine is reduced by channels throughout the inside of the engine through which liquid (antifreeze) passes. Most older Volkswagens and motorcycles use air cooled engines.
Air-dry: Allowing paint to dry at ambient (surrounding) temperatures, without the aid of an external heat source.
Air filter: See "air cleaner"
Air foil: An aerodynamic device used to improve traction by increasing the downward force on either end of the car. It can be compared to an airplane wing with this primary difference: a wing is designed to provide lift so it can fly; the air foil pushes the car closer to the ground. Although they may be called "wings," they are properly air foils. They increase the cornering ability, improve stability, but add aerodynamic drag.
Air gap: 1. Usually found on regulators, it is the distance between the contact armature and the iron core that when magnetized, draws the armature down. 2. It is also the distance between the two electrodes of a spark plug.
Air horn: 1. The upper part of a carburetor into which the air is drawn. The choke butterfly is located in this air horn. 2. It is also a term used for a warning horn which is operated by compressed air.
Air injection: A system that injects air into the exhaust ports or a thermal reactor, for additional conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and combustion of unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases.
Air lock: A bubble of air trapped in a fluid circuit which interferes with normal circulation of the fluid.
Air pollution: Contamination of the earth's atmosphere by various natural and man-made pollutants such as smoke, gases, dust, etc.
Air pump: The device that supplies the fresh air needed by the air-injection system.
Air resistance: The resistance of the air to forward movement, sometimes called "aerodynamic drag." This is a factor of the shape of the vehicle, the objects which stick out (i.e., mirrors, mufflers, bumpers), the amount of turbulence at the rear of the vehicle, the nature of the vehicle's skin surface, and the amount of air going through the vehicle for cooling and ventilation. The faster you go, the greater the air friction (air friction = velocity x velocity). The faster you go, the greater the amount of power needed to overcome this drag (power= velocity x velocity x velocity).
Air springing: See "air suspension"
Air suspension: A suspension system using air rather than metal springs to support the car and control ride motions. Air springing results in a smoother ride, because the natural frequency of vibration of an air spring does not vary with loading as it does with metal springs. Air springs can be made very soft for the lightly loaded condition and the pressure automatically increased to match any increase in load, thus maintaining a constant sprint vibration period any load.
Airbag: A device which is part of the passive safety system. In the event of an accident, sensors will cause the airbag to be deployed so that your head will be pillowed by the bag instead of hitting the dash.
Air-fuel ratio: The mass of air supplied to the engine divided by the mass of fuel supplied in the same period of time. The stoichiometric, or chemically correct, air-fuel ratio (A/F ratio) is the exact ratio necessary to burn all the carbon and hydrogen in the fuel to carbon dioxide and water with no oxygen remaining. The fuel-air ratio is the reciprocal of the air-fuel ratio.
Airscoop: An aerodynamic device or opening used to duct cool outside air to some part of the car such as the carburetor intake, the brakes, the radiator, or an oil cooler.
Air-valve carburetor: A type in which a spring-closed or weight-closed air valve opens in response to engine demand. This valve, through suitable linkage, varies the fuel-orifice opening to secure the desired mixture ratio throughout the range of operation. SU and Stromberg CD carburetors operate on this principle, referred to also as constant-vacuum, constant-depression or variable-venturi.
Alcohol: See methanol
Alfa-Romeo: The 1925-48 model is a classic car
Alfa Romeo Giuletta Spider: The 1956-64 model is a milestone car
Alfa Romeo Giuletta/Giulia Sprint Speciale: The 1959-61 model is a milestone car
Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Super Sport: The 1949 model is a milestone car
Aligner: See wheel aligner
Alignment: 1. When referring to wheel alignment, it is the proper adjustment of a car's front or rear suspension for camber, toe, caster, and ride height. Four-wheel alignment is necessary for front-wheel drive vehicles. 2. The adjustment of two objects to bring them into the proper relation to each other.
Allard Series J2, K2, K3: The 1946-56 model is a milestone car
All-electronic ignition: See breakerless
All-terrain bike: Abbreviated as ATB. A bicycle with straight handlebars, sturdy fat tires, and wide-range gearing designed for off-road use. Also called "mountain bike."
Allen key: See "Allen wrench"
Allen wrench: An rod with six sides and often L-shaped. Used to remove certain screws and fastenings, especially set screws. Sometimes called "hex wrenches" or "Allen key."
Alloy: A mixture of two or more elements. Alloying is the addition of one or more elements to a pure metal to alter the pure metal's properties such as strength, elongation, weight reduction, etc.
Alloy wheel: A generic term used to describe any non-steel road wheel. The usual alloys are either aluminum or magnesium, the latter material having led to common usage of the term "mag wheel," often referring to any non-steel wheel.
Alnico magnet: A magnet using (Al) aluminum, (Ni) nickel, and (Co) cobalt in its construction.
Alpine gearing: A gearing system in which a shift between chainwheels on a bicycle is equivalent to one-and-a-half shifts on the freewheel.
Alternating current: Abbreviated as AC. An electric current that first flows one way in the circuit and then the other. This is the type used in homes. It contrasts with direct current.
Alternator: A device which produces AC current by converting the engine's turning (mechanical) energy into alternating current at all engine speeds. The AC must be rectified before reaching the car's electrical system. The alternator is driven by a belt at the front of the engine. Alternators replaced the direct-current generators used up to the 1960's because they were less efficient especially at idle. The electrically demanding options like air conditioning forced the use of alternators over generators. In contrast a generator produces direct current (DC).
Aluminum: Abbreviated Alum. A metal which is used in cars because of its lightness. In pure form, it does not have the strength of the same size of iron. Thus car manufacturers use aluminum in an alloy form to produce body panels, wheels, engine blocks, transmission housings, differential housings, and even frames.
Aluminum oxide: A metallic abrasive used to manufacture sandpaper and sanding discs.
Alvis - Speed 20, 25, and 4.3 litre: The 1925-48 model is a classic car
American Motors AMX: The 1968-70 model is a milestone car
Amilcar: The 1925-1948 Supercharged Sports model with required application is a classic car
Ammeter: An instrument used to measure the rate of electrical current flow in amperes.
Ampere: Abbreviated "amp." A unit of measurement used in expressing the rate of electrical current flow in a circuit. It is determined by dividing the voltage by the resistance.
Ampere hour capacity: A measurement of storage battery ability to deliver a specified current over a specified length of time.
Amp/hr. rating: Measurement of the ability of a battery to deliver a stated amount of current for a stated period of time. The higher the amp/hr. rating, the more powerful the battery.
Analyzer: See exhaust-gas analyzer
Anchor: See brake anchor
Anneal: To remove hardness from metal by heating, usually to a red color, then allowing it to cool slowly. Unlike steel, copper is annealed by heating, and then plunging it into cold water. It is the reverse of hardening.
Anode: In an electrical circuit it is the positive pole.
Anodize: By electrolytic action, this is the process of coating or plating a metal (usually aluminum) with a protective material.
Antenna: A device which pulls in radio reception. A power antenna automatically rises when the radio is turned on and lowers when it is shut off. Some cars had the antenna wires imbedded in the windshield.
Anti-backfire valve: Valve used in air injection reaction (exhaust emission control) system to prevent backfiring during the period immediately following sudden deceleration by diverting the air coming from the air pump away from the exhaust ports. Otherwise the exhaust gases which contain unburned gasoline could mix with fresh air and cause unwanted backfiring.
Anti-dive: Dive is the action of the front of the car to point downward during braking. The suspension in cars is designed to remove this tendency.
Antifreeze: A chemical (usually ethylene glycol) added to the cooling system to prevent the coolant from freezing in cold weather. It also inhibits the formation of rust and other deposits which may clog the radiator and other cooling passageways. Its resistance to freezing is better with a mix of 50:50 with water than 100% antifreeze.
Anti-friction bearing: A bearing containing rollers or balls plus an inner and outer race. The bearing is designed to roll instead of slide thus minimizing friction between two moving parts.
Anti-knock agents: A substance like tetraethyl lead which is added to gasoline to raise the octane number and reduce the gasoline's tendency to detonate, knock, or ping. In unleaded gasoline, tetraethyl lead is not used because of its environmental danger.
Anti-lift: Lift is the action of the rear end of the car to rise during braking. The suspension in cars is designed to remove this tendency.
Anti-lock brake system: Abbreviated as ABS. A device which senses that one or more of the wheels are locking up during braking. It eases up on the amount of hydraulic pressure to that wheel. It must be remembered that a wheel cannot be steered unless it is rolling; so if the wheel is locked up, there is no steering control. By the use of electronic computers, the brakes rapidly alternate from full power to none so that both maximum braking and maximum steering control is allowed. If you jam on the brakes, you will feel a pulsing sensation. Sometimes called "anti-skid brakes."
Anti-percolation valve: A device for venting vapors from the main discharge tube, or the well, of a carburetor. The vented vapors are not released into the atmosphere, but rerouted into an evaporative emission canister where they are stored until the next time the car is started. Thus it provides a richer mixture needed for starting. Also see percolation
Anti-roll bar: Sometimes called the "anti-sway bar," "stabilizer bar," or even "roll-bar." It is usually a round bar which connects the left wheel suspension assembly with the right side. It may be found at the front and/or rear. Its main function is to keep both wheels rolling at the same rate when meeting bumps; but it also affects handling. A front anti-roll bar increases understeer and a rear bar increases oversteer.
Anti-roll device: See brake anti-roll device
Anti-skid: A device which senses that one or more of the wheels are locking up during braking. It eases up on the amount of hydraulic pressure to that wheel. It must be remembered that a wheel cannot be steered unless it is rolling; so if the wheel is locked up, there is no steering control. By the use of electronic computers, the brakes rapidly alternate from full power to none so that both maximum braking and maximum steering control is allowed. If you jam on the brakes, you will feel a pulsing sensation. Sometimes called anti-lock brakes
Anti-squat: Squat is the action of the rear end of the car to point downward during hard acceleration. The suspension in cars is designed to remove this tendency.
Apex seal: A wedge shaped device found on the tips of the triangular rotor in rotary (Wankel) engines. Its purpose is to prevent the escape of compressed gas or combustion gases. It may also release engine heat.
A-pillar: See "A-post"
Apollo: The 1963-66 model is a milestone car
A-post: When you look at the side of a car, the post that is attached to the windshield and supports the roof is called the "A-post" or "A-pillar." There are two to each car.
Aquaplaning: Also called "hydroplaning." A dangerous tendency for a tire to ride a thin film of water, thus creating a loss of driver control until tire contact with the road surface returns.
Aquatread: A tread pattern of a tire designed to dissipate water lying on the road and provide good traction in the rain.
Arc: The discharge of electric current across a gap of two electrodes.
Arc welding: Welding by using an electric current to melt both the metal to be welded and the welding rod or electrode that is being added.
Arcing: Electricity leaping the gap between two electrodes.
Arm: See "A-Arm"
Armature: In a relay, regulator, horn, etc., it is the movable part of the unit. In a starter or generator, it is the portion that revolves between the pole shoes, made up of wire windings of copper on an iron core or axle. When it revolves, an electric current is induced.
Armstrong-Siddeley: The 1925-1948 model with required application is classic car
Arnolt Bristol: The 1952-62 model is a milestone car
Arrester: * Also see spark arrester.
Articulated: *
Asbestos: A heat resistant and non-burning fibrous mineral widely used for brake shoes, clutch linings, etc.
Aspect ratio: The relationship between the distance from the rim to the tread (section height) and the tire's width. Thus, in a P185/80R13 tire, 80 is the aspect ratio, showing the height is 80% of the width.
Aston-Martin: The 1927-1939 model with application and all others from 1925-48 are classic cars
Aston Martin: The 1948-63 models are milestone cars
Aston Martin: All the DB4, DB5, DB6 from 1964-67 are milestone cars
Asymmetrical tread: The tread of a tire which has different shapes and sizes of grooves in the same tire. The purpose is to improve handling and braking under particular road conditions.
Atmospheric pressure: Pressure or weight exerted by the atmosphere on all things exposed to it. At sea level it is about 1 kg. per square centimetre or 14.72 pounds per square inch (psi).
Atom: A tiny particle of matter made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. Atoms or combinations of atoms make up molecules. The electrons orbit around the center or nucleus made up of the protons and neutrons.
Atomize: The extent to which a spray gun breaks up paint into a fine mist, fog, or spray.
Auburn: All 8 and 12-cylinder models from 1925-1948 are classic cars
Austin Healey: The 100-6 models from 1956-59 are milestone cars
Austin Healey: The 3000 models from 1959-67) are milestone cars
Austin Healey: The 100/100M model from 1953-56 are milestone cars
Austro-Daimler: The 1925-1948 models are classic cars
Autoignition: The rapid burning of the air-fuel mixture as a result of a flame or hot surface, not from a spark plug.
Automatic: See "Automatic choke," "Automatic level control," "Automatic temperature control," "Automatic transmission," "Automatic transmission fluid"
Automatic choke: A device attached to the carburetor that automatically reduces the amount of air entering the carburetor by sensing changes in engine temperature. It is usually controlled by a coil spring which changes length as the engine is warmed or cooled.
Automatic level control: A component of the suspension which raises or lowers either (or both) the front or rear of the car when there is a change in the amount of load in the vehicle.
Automatic temperature control: A system which regulates the heater and air conditioner so that the temperature inside the car meets the preset temperature.
Automatic transmission: A mechanism of the drivetrain which takes the power from the engine and transfers it to the drive shaft or wheels. Without using a clutch, it uses a torque converter and fluid coupler to change the gear ratio. It automatically effects gear changes to meet varying road and load conditions. Gear changing is done through a series of oil operated clutches and bands.
Automatic transmission fluid: *Abbreviated as ATF
Autothermic piston: An aluminum piston in which steel or alloy inserts are cast to control expansion of the piston skirt.
Auxiliary lighting: Extra lighting such as fog lights, spot light, and driving lights which are intended to improve visibility under adverse conditions.
Axis: * Also see cam-ground piston, eccentric bolt, Hotchkiss drive, kingpin inclination, moment of inertia, self-aligning torque, static balance, steering axis, steering axis inclination, steering geometry, steering knuckle angle, torque, and trailing arm.
Axle: An axle is a shaft on which the wheels revolve. A full-floating axle is used to drive the rear wheels. It does not hold them on nor support them. A semi or one-quarter floating axle is used to drive the wheels, hold them on, and support them. A three-quarter floating axle is used to drive the rear wheels as well as hold them on, but it does not support them. A live axle holds the wheels and transmits power to the wheels. A dead axle or beam axle merely holds the wheels, but does not transmit power to the wheels. Also see beam axle, dead axle, dropped axle, Elliot type axle, full-floating axle, live axle, low pivot swing axle, rear axle housing, rear axle ratio, reverse-Elliot type axle, semi-floating axle, and swing axle.
Axle end gears: The two gears, one per axle, that are splined to the inner ends of the drive axles. They mesh with and are driven by the "spider" gears.
Axle tramp: Usually found in live rear axle cars. It occurs when sudden torque loads on the suspension causes the driven wheels to shake violently.
Axle windup: The phenomenon in which the torque transmitted to the wheels by the axle which causes the live axle to turn in its own centerline.
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Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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21.07.2006 at 13:29 |
1 edit. Last edited 21.07.2006 at 15:28 by fire83
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fire83
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mõiste, sõnavara, sõnastik, termin, inglise keel
B
B-pillar: See "B-post."
B-post: The center body post on sedans. It connect the sills and provides roof support. Sometimes referred to as simply post, as in '57 Chevy two-door post. On a true hardtop design these pillars are missing, leaving uninterrupted glass area along the sides of the car. Also called "B-pillar."
Babbitt: An alloy of tin, copper, and antimony having good antifriction properties. Used as a facing for bearings.
Back pressure: Refers to the resistance to the flow of exhaust gases through the exhaust system. By rerouting the exhaust gases for noise suppression, a muffler causes back pressure, but a straight pipe alone causes only minimal back pressure. Some engines require back pressure, so that removing the exhaust system will cause internal damage.
Backbone: See "Backbone frame"
Backbone frame: A frame, having the cross-section of a rectangular box, that runs along the center of the car and occupies the space between the seats. This box generally divides at the front, running along each side of the gearbox and engine up to a crossmember to which the front suspension pieces are attached. At the rear a similar triangular frame encloses the final-drive housing and provides attaching points for the rear suspension. Lightness combined with high torsional rigidity are features of this frame design, made famous by Colin Chapman with the Lotus Elan.
Backfire: Passage of unburned fuel mixture into the exhaust system where it is ignited and causes an explosion (backfire) prematurely. 2. Sometimes ignition takes place in the intake manifold by a flame from a cylinder because the intake valve leaks. Burning of the fuel mixture in the intake manifold may be caused by faulty timing, crossed plug wires, leaky intake valve, etc.
Backflushing: See flushing the cooling system
Backing plate: See "brake backing plate."
Backlash: The amount of "play" or clearance between two parts. In the case of gears, it refers to how much one gear can be moved back and forth without moving the gear into which it is meshed.
Backlight: The rear window of a vehicle.
Baffle: An obstruction used to slow, down or divert the flow of gases, liquids, sound, etc. They are found in the fuel tank, crankcase, muffler, and radiator.
Baffle plate: A metal plate that acts as a baffle.
Bakelite: *
Balance: See dynamic balance, spool balance valve, spring balance, static balance, and tire balance.
Balancer: See harmonic balancer and wheel balancer.
Balancing: 1. Dismantling engine and reassembling it to exact specifications and tolerances. This process may help to improve engine performance, smoothness, and reliability. Sometimes called "blueprinting." 2. Keeping wheels in balance. See wheel balancing.
Balk ring: A friction-regulated pawl or plunger used to make the engagement of gears easier.
Ball: See "Ball and spring," "Ball bearing," "Ball joint," and "Ball joint rocker arm,"
Ball and spring: See detent ball and spring.
Ball bearing: An antifriction bearing consisting of an inner and outer hardened steel race (or cage) separated by a series of hardened steel balls.
Ball joint: A flexible joint using a ball and socket type of construction, used in steering linkage setups, steering knuckle pivot supports, etc. Their flexibility helps to compensate for the changes in the wheel and steering when turning or hitting a bump on the road.
Ball joint rocker arm: A rocker arm that instead of being mounted on a shaft, is mounted upon a ball-shaped device on the end of a stud.
Ball joint steering knuckle: A steering knuckle that pivots on ball joints instead of on a kingpin.
Ballast resistor: A resistor constructed of a special type wire, the properties of which tend to increase or decrease the voltage in direct proportion to the heat of the wire.
Ballot: The 1925-1948 models with required application are classic cars
Band: See "brake band."
Banger: A common term used to express the cylinders in an engine. Often used with a number such as "six banger." Also see four banger.
Banjo: * Also see rear axle housing, banjo type.
Bar: See anti-roll bar, "boring bar", stabilizer bar, torsion bar, traction bar, and wheelie bars.
Barrel: 1. The air horn in the carburetor. In particular, it is that part where the throttle valve is located. If a carburetor has four openings with a throttle valve in each, it is called a "four-barrel carburetor." Also see carburetor barrel. 2. Another name for the cylinder.
Base circle: As applied to the camshaft lowest spot on the cam, the area of the cam directly opposite the lobe.
Base gasket: The gasket directly below the cylinder and between the cylinder and crankcase. Also called cylinder gasket
Bat: * Also see fiberglass,
Battery: An electrochemical device for producing electricity by converting chemical energy.. The typical automotive lead-acid battery supplies the source of power for cranking the engine and also provides the necessary electrical energy for the ignition system. In addition, it can (for a limited time) furnish current when the electrical demands of the car exceed the alternator or generator output. Also called the storage battery.
Battery charging: The process of renewing the battery by passing an electric current through the battery in a reverse direction.
Battery Council International: *
Bead: The portion of a tire which fits onto the rim of the wheel. On tubeless tires, the contact of the bead with the rim seals the air into the tire. Also see tire bead.
Bead breaker: A device used to remove a tire from its rim by releasing the tension the bead has upon the rim.
Beam: See high beam and low beam.
Beam axle: A dead axle. See axle.
Bearing: 1. The area of a unit in which the contacting surface of a revolving part rests in order to minimize wear and friction between two surfaces. 2. An antifriction reducing device that is usually found between two moving parts. The babbitt bearings found between the connecting rod and the crankshaft are lubricated and cushioned with oil, and the front wheel bearings must be repacked with grease at regular intervals. Bearings can be ball or roller type. Also see anti-friction bearing, "ball bearing," "big end bearing," carrier bearings, clutch pilot bearing, friction bearing, insert bearing, main bearing, needle bearing, precision insert bearing, roller bearing, sealed bearing, tapered roller bearing, throw-out bearing, and thrust bearing.
Bearing clearance: The amount of space left between a shaft and the bearing surface, this space is for lubricating oil to enter.
Bearing cap: 1. Retainers, held in place by bolts and nuts, that hold the bearings in place. 2. The bearing race that curves around the outside of a ring of ball bearings and works in conjunction with a cone.
Beast: *
Beater: An old or collectible vehicle that is in drivable condition, but looks terrible inside and out, and probably is missing many original parts. Often used to describe a car that is past the easy restoration stage but still contains many good driving miles. It is also a term for "urban combat car" and is usually used in conjunction with the word winter, as in "winter beater," which is a car that is so far gone, it si sacrificed to the salt covered roads of winter. It is a disposable collectible that is driven until it disintegrates. In other words, it looks as if someone had been beating it for quite a while.
Before bottom dead center (BBDC): As the crankshaft rotates, it brings the piston down to a place just before it reaches bottom dead center.
Before top dead center (BTDC): As the crankshaft rotates, it pushes the piston up to a place at the top of its movement
Before upper dead center (BUDC): As the crankshaft rotates, it pushes the piston up to a place at the top of its movement.
Bell housing: Sometimes called "clutch housing." The metal covering around the flywheel and clutch (of a manual transmission) or torque converter assembly (of an automatic transmission).
Belt: 1. A reinforcing band, normally textile, fiberglass, or steel, which runs around the circumference of a tire and strengthens the tread area. Also see cog belt. 2. A circular band which is used to transfer power from one component to another. For instance, a fan belt is used to transfer power from the engine to the alternator, water pump, and air conditioner compressor. See fan belt.
Belted piston: A piston with a continuous steel band cast into the skirt below the rings for controlling skirt expansion.
Belted tire: See "bias belted tire."
Bench seat: A front seat which runs from the left door to the right door. The alternative is bucket seats. Also see split bench seat
Bendix type starter drive: A self-engaging starter drive gear, the gear moves into engagement when the starter starts spinning and automatically disengages when the starter stops.
Bentley: The 1925-1945 models are classic cars
Bentley: The 1946-67 models are milestone cars
Benz: The 1925-1948 models with required application are classic cars
Bevel: The angle that one surface makes with another when they are not at right angles.
Bevel gear: A gear shaped like the wide end of a cone, used to transmit motion through an angle. They are found in differentials. Also see spiral bevel gear.
Bezel: The crimped edge of metal that secures the glass face to an instrument. A bezel can be either decorative or functional. Some bezels are threaded and secure switches and control buttons to the dash, console, or steering column.
Bias: The acute angle at which the cords in the tire fabric intersect the circumferential centerline of the finished tire.
Bias tire: A type of tire construction in which the tire cords or plies run diagonally from bead to bead. Generally in passenger cars, there are two plies of fabric. In a P185/80D13 tire, the D indicates a bias-ply tire. Sometimes called a "conventional" tire.
Bias belted tire: A type of tire construction in which there are bias plies as well as a belt of steel or synthetic cords between the carcass and the tread. The belt overlaps the bias plies and wraps around the circumference. The cords and belt cross each other at bias angles.
Big-end bearing: The bearing in the end of the connecting rod that attaches to the crankshaft.
Bike: See All-terrain bike
Binder: The ingredient in a paint that holds the pigment particles together.
Binder bolt: On a bicycle, the bolt used to fasten a stem inside a steerer tube ora seatpost inside a seat tube.
Binders: Car brakes.
Biocide: A product which kills any fungus or microbes that may havecontaminated diesel fuel.
Biodegradable: *
Blackhawk: The 1925-1948 models are classic cars
Blackwall: Tires which do not have any white or red coloring. See Whitewall and Red line
Bladder: *
Bleed: To remove air bubbles from the lines and components of a system. Also see air bleed, air bleed screw, and compensating jet
Bleed screw: See idle air bleed screw
Bleeder: See "brake bleeder" and pressure bleeder.
Bleeding: A lower (older) color coming through a fresh coat of paint.
Bleeding a system: Remove air bubbles from a brake system, a fuel injection system, or a cooling system so that they won't impede the flow of liquid through that system.
Bleeding the brakes: This refers to the removal of air from the hydraulic system, bleeder screws are loosened at each wheel cylinder, (one at a time) and brake fluid is forced from the master cylinder through the lines until all air is expelled.
Blistering: The formation of bubbles on the paint surface.
Block: That part of the engine containing the cylinders. Also see cylinder block, EN-block, and "brake pad"
Block heaters: Devices that keep the engine warm when a car is not being used in very cold weather. Especially important for starting diesel engines at very low temperatures.
Blowby: The mixture of fuel/air which is lost past the piston rings and causes fumes that form acid and sludge in the crankcase and smoking from the oil filer hole. Generally there is a loss of engine power.
Blower: Also called a "supercharger" or "turbocharger." This is a pump which forces air into the cylinders at higher than atmospheric pressure. The increased pressure forces more air into the cylinders than what would be drawn in normally. In this way the engine can burn more fuel and thus produce more power. There are two main types of blowers: the turbocharger, which uses some of the waste heat energy in the exhaust gases to drive a compressor and pump the air; and the belt-driven or shaft-driven supercharger which uses engine power to pump air.
Blown: 1. An engine equipped with a turbocharger or supercharger. 2. An engine which is ruined. Usually the piston is seized. Also see "Blown head gasket."
Blown head gasket: A gasket that has a break between the opening for the cylinder and an opening for the coolant. The coolant will leak into the combustion chamber. This condition can be diagnosed by a loss in coolant and white smoke out the exhaust.
Blowoff valve: A one-way valve that opens to the atmosphere above a certain set pressure to relieve excessive internal pressure buildup; often used with a turbocharger installation to limit boost pressure to the engine.
Blue book: A listing of the current prices for used cars, based on age, condition, and optional equipment. Available at banks, loan offices, libraries, & insurance companies.
Blueing: *
Blueprinting: Dismantling engine and reassembling it to exact specifications and tolerances. This process may help to improve engine performance, smoothness, and reliability. Sometimes called "balancing."
Blushing: The formation of a whitish or misty appearance on the finish color.
BMW: The 1925-48 models 327, 328, 327/328, and 335 are classic cars
BMW: The 507 for 1957-59 are milestone cars
Body: *
Body putty: A material designed to smooth on dented body areas, upon hardening, the putty is dressed down and the area painted. Also called "bondo."
Bog: A hesitation usually experienced when starting out.
Boiling point: The exact temperature at which a liquid begins to boil or changes to a gas (i.e., vaporizes). The boiling point of a liquid decreases with increasing altitude, and increases with pressurization. The coolant in a modern radiator/coolant system can be as high as 260°F (127°C).
Bolt: See Binder bolt
Bolt and nut: A pair of objects with matching screw threads. When either thebolt or the nut is turned, it moves with great force. Often used as fixing devices.The nut is the circular piece that looks like a ring with threads on the insidehole. The bolt is the shaft with threads. Also see pivot bolt.
Bomb: *
Bonded brake lining: Brake lining that is attached to the brake shoe by an adhesive rather than by rivets.
Bondo: See "body putty."
Bone: See A bone.
Bonnet: British term for car hood
Book: See "blue book.
Boost: The amount of positive pressure created in an intake system above normal atmospheric pressure by a turbocharger or supercharger. Normal atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi. A blower providing 10 psi boost increases the pressure to 24.7 psi. Boost is sometimes measured in atmospheres where one atmosphere equals 14.7 psi. Thus 24.7 psi is about 1.7 atmospheres.
Booster: A device incorporated in car system (such as brakes and steering), to increase the pressure output or decrease amount of effort required to operate, or both. See "brake booster," power booster, spring booster, and vacuum booster.
Boot: British term for trunk.
Boots: The rubber or plastic covers located at either end of the spark plug cables to insulate the connections between the cable ends and the spark plug and distributor terminals. Always grasp the cable by the boot when removing it. Also, the protective cover of the ball joint that holds the grease. Also the covering around the CV joint.
Bore: 1. The cylinder hole itself. 2. The diameter or width of the cylinder. 3. As a verb, it means to cut a circular hole.
Bore diameter: The diameter of the cylinders. It is usually measured in either inches or millimetres. When a cylinder is bored out because of scored walls, it is increased by "ten thou" of an inch (0.01") or 0.25 mm.
Boring bar: A machine used to cut engine cylinders to a specific size. As used in garages, to cut worn cylinders to a new diameter.
Boring: Renewing the cylinders by cutting them out to a specified size, a boring bar is used to make the cut.
Boss: An extension or strengthened section that holds the end of a pin or shaft. For example, the holes in the piston through which the piston pin are placed would easily break the thin walls of the piston when under pressure. The area around the hole (on the inner side of the piston) are strengthened to prevent breakage. This area is the piston boss.
Bottled gas: LPG (liquefied petroleum gas or propane) gas compressed into strong metal tanks. The gas, when confined in the tank, under pressure, is in liquid form.
Bottom bracket: The cylindrical part of a bicycle frame that holds the crank axle, two sets of ball bearings, a fixed cup, and an adjustable cup.
Bottom dead center (BDC): The lowest point of the piston and connecting rod travel in a cylinder.
Bounce: 1. When referring to valves, it indicates a condition where the valve is not held tightly closed in the seat even though the camshaft has not opened it. Also called "flutter." 2. When referring to a distributor, it indicates a condition where the points make erratic contact when they should remain closed.
Bound electrons: Electrons in the inner orbits around the nucleus of the atom, they are difficult to move out of orbit.
Bourdon tube: A circular, hollow piece of metal that is used in some instruments, pressure on the hollow section causes it to attempt to straighten, the free end then moves a needle on the gauge face.
Bowed: *
Bowl: See float bowl.
Bow-wow: A car in very bad shape. A dog.
Box: Transmission.
Box: See E-box
Boxed rod: Connecting rod in which the I-beam section has been stiffened by welding plates on each side of the rod.
Bracket: *
Brake: The mechanism that converts motion (kinetic energy) into heat energy through friction. The most common instance is found in the wheels of cars where the brake shoes or disc pads are designed to press against the brake drum or brake disc. Also see anti-lock brake system, "bonded brake lining," dual brakes, emergency brake, hub brake, inboard brakes, jake brake, juice brakes, mechanical brakes, parking brake, power brakes, primary brake shoe, primary forward brake shoe, prony brake, rim brake, rollercam brakes, self-energizing brake shoe, servo action brakes., and U-brakes
Brake anchor: A steel stud or pin upon which one end of the brake shoes is either attached to or rests against. The anchor is firmly affixed to the backing plate.
Brake anti-roll device: A unit installed in the brake system to hold brake line pressure when the car is stopped on an upgrade, when the car is stopped on the upgrade and the brake pedal released, the anti-roll device will keep the brakes applied until either the clutch is released or as on some models, the accelerator is depressed.
Brake backing plate: A rigid metal (steel) plate, located inside the brake drum, on which the wheel cylinder, brake shoes, and other brake parts are mounted. The braking force applied to the shoes is absorbed by the backing plate.
Brake band: A band, faced with brake lining, that encircles a brake drum, it is used on several parking brake installations. It differs from brake shoes in that brake shoes squeezes against the inside surface of a drum while a brake band squeezes against the outside surface of a drum.
Brake bleeder: A valve attached to each wheel brake. This valve can be opened and closed to allow air to be removed or bled from the brake lines.
Brake bleeding: See "bleeding the brakes."
Brake block: See "brake pad."
Brake booster: A mechanical device which attaches to the brake system to multiply the force the driver applies with his foot (or hand as in the case of a motorcycle). The device uses air, vacuum, or hydraulic fluid to accomplish this purpose. Sometimes called "power assisted brakes," "vacuum assisted brakes," "hydraulically assisted brakes," or just "power brakes." In most cars, the boost comes from engine intake vacuum. In motorcycles it comes from hydraulic fluid. Brake caliper: See Calipers
Brake cylinder: See wheel cylinder.
Brake disc type: A braking system that instead of using the conventional brake drum with internal brake shoes, uses a steel disc with caliper type lining application, when the brakes are applied, a section of lining on each side of the spinning disc is forced against the disc thus imparting a braking force. This type of brake is very resistant to brake fade. Also see disc brake.
Brake dive: See anti-dive, anti-lift, and anti-squat.
Brake drum: A cast iron or aluminum housing bolted to the wheel, that rotates around the brake shoes. When the shoes are expanded, they rub against the machined inner surface of the brake drum and exert a braking effect upon the wheel to slow or stop the car.
Brake drum lathe: A machine to refinish the inside of a brake drum.
Brake fade: Reduction in braking force due to loss of friction between brake shoes and drum (or brake pads and disc). Caused by heat buildup through repeated or prolonged brake application.
Brake feel: A discernible, to the driver, relationship between the amount of brake pedal pressure and the actual braking force being exerted. A special device is incorporated in power brake installations to give the driver this feel.
Brake fluid: A special fluid used in hydraulic brake systems to stop or slow the car. Never use something else in place of regular fluid.
Brake flushing: Cleaning the brake system by flushing with alcohol or brake fluid. This is done to remove water, dirt, or any other contaminant, flushing fluid is placed in the master cylinder and forced through the lines and wheel cylinders where it exits at the cylinder bleed screws.
Brake horsepower (bhp): A measurement of the actual usable horsepower delivered to the rear wheels rather than at the flywheel. It is commonly computed by using an engine or a chassis dynamometer. It is called "brake" because a brake is applied to determine how much pressure is needed to stop or absorb the rotation of the output shaft.
Brake lines: A system of hoses and metal tubes through which the brake fluid flows from the master cylinder to the brakes at each wheel. Cracks or breaks in these lines will cause the fluid to leak out and result in loss of brakes.
Brake lining: A heat-resistant friction material (usually asbestos) that is attached to the brake shoe. When the shoe is pressed against the brake drum, the lining grabs the inside of the drum, which stops the car and also prevents the drum and the shoe from wearing each other away. Also see "bonded brake lining."
Brake master cylinder: The part of the hydraulic brake system which stores the brake fluid. As the brake pedal is applied pressure is forced against a small movable piston in the master cylinder to push hydraulic fluid through the lines to the wheel cylinders and force the brake linings against the drum (in the case of drum brakes) or force the brake pads against the disc (in the case of disc brakes).
Brake pads: The friction material which is secured to metal plates. They press against the brake disc to enable the wheel to stop. They are to be distinguished from brake shoes which press against the inside of a drum. On a bicycle, brake pads are blocks of rubber-like material fastened to the end of the brake caliper; they press against the wheel rim when the brakes are applied. Also called "brake block."
Brake pedal: A foot operated device which engages the brakes to stop or slow the rotation of the wheels. Also see low brake pedal.
Brake pucks: Brake pads.
Brake, parking: See parking brake and emergency brake.
Brake proportioning valve: A valve that limits braking force to the front or rear wheels, usually as a function of pedal effort or line pressure, loading of the car or front-rear weight transfer, to prevent wheel locking and provide the most effective braking.
Brake shoe: That part of the brake system, located at the wheels, upon which the brake lining is attached. There are usually two shoes (curved or arc-shaped pieces) in each wheel. When the wheel cylinders are actuated by hydraulic pressure they force the brake shoes apart and bring the lining into contact with the drum. In this way the car is slowed or stopped. On a bicycle, it is the metal part that holds a brake pad and is bolted to the end of a brake caliper. Also see primary brake shoe.
Brake shoe grinder: A grinder used to grind brake shoe lining so that it will be square to and concentric with the brake drum.
Brake shoe heel: That end of the brake shoe adjacent to the anchor bolt or pin.
Brake shoe toe: The free end of the shoe, it is not attached to or resting against an anchor pin.
Brake system: A system that uses hydraulic pressure to enable your car to slow and stop safely. Consists of the masters cylinder, brake lines, and disc or drum brakes at each wheel.
Brakes, power: See power brakes.
Brakes, anti-lock: See anti-lock brakes
Braze: To join two pieces of metal together by heating the edges to be joined and then melting drops of brass or bronze on the area. Unlike welding, this operation is similar to soldering, only a higher melting point material is used.
Braze-ons: Parts for mounting shift levers, derailleurs, water bottle cages, and racks, which are fastened to a bicycle frame through a type of soldering process known as brazing.
Breaker: See bead breaker and circuit breaker
Breaker arm: The movable part of a pair of contact points in a distributor or magneto.
Breaker cam: The lobed cam rotating in the ignition system which interrupts the primary circuit to induce a high tension spark for ignition.
Breaker plate: The movable plate inside the distributor to which the points and the condenser are attached.
Breaker points: A mechanical switch in the distributor with two metal contact points (usually made of silver, platinum, or tungsten) that open and close. When the points are closed, energy is stored in the primary windings of the coil. When the breaker points open, this energy is transferred to the secondary windings of the coil and stepped up, resulting in a high voltage to fire the plugs. The air gap between the breaker-point surfaces is critical. If the gap is too small, the timing is retarded, if too wide advanced. Also called "points," "contact points," and "ignition points." Also see dual breaker points.
Breakerless: A distributor or ignition system where the mechanical switching device (such as points or contacts) are replaced by an electronic switching device through the use of transistors. They are also called "contactless" or "all-electronic ignitions."
Break-in: Period of operation between the installation of new or rebuilt parts and the time in which the parts are worn to the correct fit, driving at a reduced and varying speed for a specified mileage to permit parts to wear to the correct fit.
Breather: A vent in the crankcase for relieving internal pressure or admitting air. Also see oil breather.
Breather pipe: A pipe opening into the interior of the engine. It is used to assist ventilation the pipe usually extends downward to a point just below the engine so that the passing air stream will form a partial vacuum thus assisting in venting the engine.
Breathing capacity: The volume of air that enters the cylinder during each intake stroke. Volumetric efficiency is determined by comparing the actual volume of air with the maximum possible amount. Also called "air capacity."
Brewster: The 1925-1948 models with required application are classic cars
Bridged: See diode
Bristol: See Arnolt Bristol (1952-62)
British thermal unit (BTU): A measurement of the amount of heatrequired to raise the temperature of one pound of water, one degree Fahrenheit.
Broach: Bringing a metal surface to the desired shape by forcing a multiple-edgedcutting tool across the surface.
Bronze: See sintered bronze.
Brough: The 1925-1948 Superior with required application are classic cars
Brush: The pieces of carbon, or copper, that rub against the commutator on the generator and starter motor. As they wear down, they need to be replaced. Also see third brush.
Bucciali: The 1925-1948 models with required application are classic cars
Bucket seat: An individual seat which is found in pairs in the front of a car. Named because the curvature of the backrest and cushion resembles a cut-out bucket.
Bucket tappet: Valve lifters that are hollow, cylindrical, and closed at one end and used with some overhead camshafts. The flat, closed end of the tappet (bottom of the bucket) rests against the camshaft lobe with part of the valve spring and valve stem enclosed by the cylinder. Called "bucket tappets" because they are shaped like upside-down buckets.
Buckland: See AC Buckland Open Tourer
Buff: As a verb it means to polish. As a noun it indicates an expert in a field or greatly interested in the field as in "Jim is a car buff." Also see nut
Bug and tar remover: A solution which will disolve bugs and tar residue. After application, it needs to be washed off or it will also remove the paint.
Bugatti: The 1925-1948 models are classic cars
Bugatti: The 1951 Type 101 model is a milestone car
Buick: The Riviera for 1949 and 1963-70 are milestone cars
Buick: The 1931-32 series 90 with required application are classic cars
Buick: The 1953-54 Skylark are milestone cars
Bull low: The lowest gear in a transmission. Some older transmissions listed their gears as bull low (used for getting out of a stuck condition or climbing a very steep hill), low or first (used for starting out from a stop or for climbing a moderate hill), second (used for town driving or slight hills), third (used for highway cruising).
Bump: Refers to the upward movement of the wheels and suspension. Also called "jounce."
Bump steer: When an uneven road surface causes a vehicle to steer or lose directional stability, this is called "bump steer." At the front, bump steer is associated with the tie-rod and linkage-arm relationship. It is caused by the method of locating the rear suspension, the type of rear suspension, and the geometry of the various linkages. In race cars, bump steer is designed out of the suspension so that the handling is as precise as possible. In most cars it is present to some degree. In fact, it can be useful to allow engineers to design a small amount of understeer or oversteer into the chassis.
Bump stop: A cushioning device, usually rubber, that limits the upward movement of the wheels and suspension to prevent metal-to-metal contact that could lead to suspension damage or failure. Also called "jounce bumpers."
Bumper jack: A device for lifting one corner of a car to change a tire. Older cars used a long bar which fitted into a base. A device on the long bar had a hook which was placed in a strategic place on the vehicle. A lug wrench was inserted into the other end of the device and used to move the device up the long bar thus lifting the car.
Bumper system: An energy-absorbing system with some type of deformable material including hydraulic cylinders which enable the bumpers to protect the car from damage in low-speed impacts.
Burn rubber: See peel rubber.
Burner: See oil burner.
Burning: See lead burning.
Burnish: To bring a surface to a high shine by rubbing with hard, smooth object.
Burr: *
Bus: *
Bushing: 1. A protective liner or sleeve that cushions noise, friction, or movement. 2. Rubber bushings on the suspension system should be lubricated regularly. 3. A bearing for a shaft, spring shackle, piston pin, etc., of one piece construction which may be removed from the part.
Butane: A petroleum gas that is a liquid, when under pressure. Often used as engine fuel in trucks. Also see LPG.
Butted tubing: Tubing whose outside diameter remains constant but whose thickness is reduced in midsection where less strength is needed.
Butterfly valve: A small metal disc located in the carburetor that controls the flow of air into the carburetor. It is so named due to its resemblance to the insect of the same name.
Buttons: *
Bypass: An alternate route for a flowing substance.
Bypass filter: An oil filter that constantly filters a portion of the oil flowing through the engine.
Bypass valve: A valve that can open and allow a fluid to pass through in other than its normal channel.
pillar: See "C-post."
____________________________
Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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mõiste, sõnavara, sõnastik, termin, inglise keel
C
C-post: The body post that supports the rear of the roof and to which the left and right sides of the back glass are attached. Also called "C-pillar."
Cab: *
Cables: See jumper cables.
Cabriolet: Similar to the sport coupe, it has a provision for converting to an open-type body. A rumble seat is a common but not mandatory feature.
Caddy: An euphemistic name for Cadillac
Cadillac (1925-35): a "classic car." Also see history of 1930-39 Cadillac
Cadillac 12-cyl: a "classic car."
Cadillac 16-cyl: a "classic car." Also see history of 1933 Cadillac
Cadillac (1938-41 60-Special): a "classic car." Also see history of 1938-41 Cadillac
Cadillac (1936-48 all series #67, #70, #72, #75, #80, #85, #90): A "classic car" Also see history of 1941-47 Cadillac
Cadillac Eldorado (1953-58, 67-70): A milestone car. Also see the history of 1953-66 Cadillac Eldorado, the history of 1967 Cadillac Eldorado, and the history of 1968-70 Cadillac Eldorado
Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (1957-58): A milestone car Also see history of 1957-58 Cadillac Eldorado
Cadillac 60 Special (1948-49): A milestone car Also see history of 1948-49 Cadillac
Cadillac 61 Coupe Fastback (1948-49): A milestone car Also see history of 1948-49 Cadillac
Cadillac 62 Sedanet, Convertible DeVille (1948-49): A milestone car Also see history of 1948-49 Cadillac
Cadillac 75 Sedan/Limo (1946-70): A milestone car
Cage: On a front derailleur of a bicycle, it is a pair of parallel plates that push the chain from side to side; on a rear derailleur, it is a set of plates in which pulleys are mounted to hold and guide the chain from cog to cog. When referring to bearings, it is the part which holds the balls or rollers in place. Also see roll cage.
Calibrate: As applied to test instruments it is the procedure of adjusting the dial needle to the correct zero or load setting.
Caliper: 1. The housing on disc brakes which hold the disc pads and straddles the disc. When actuated the pads press against the disc to stop or slow the car. 2. On bicycles, the brake arms that reach around the sides of a wheel to press brake pads against the wheel rim. 3. An adjustable measuring tool that is placed around (outside caliper) or within (inside caliper) an object and adjusted until it just contacts. It is then withdrawn and the distance measured between the contacting points.
Cam: 1. A designed bump on a shaft. 2. A metal disc with irregularly shaped lobes used in the camshaft to activate the opening and closing of the valves and in the distributor, to force the points to open. 3. A popular name for the camshaft. 4. A name for the breaker cam.
Cam angle: See dwell.
Cam follower: The unit that contacts the end of the valve stem and the camshaft. The follower rides on the camshaft and when the cam lobes move it upward, it opens the valve. Also called "valve lifter" or "tappet."
Cam lobes: The bumps on a cam that contact and activate such devices as the lifters, which operate the valves, and the rubbing block, which causes the points to open and close, as the cam spins with the distributor shaft.
Camaro: A series of "pony" cars from the Chevrolet division of General Motors. It is often misspelled as "Camero" because of a mispronunciation.
Camber: A wheel alignment adjustment of the inward or outward tilt on the top of the wheel when viewed from the front of the car. Tipping the top of the wheel center line outward produces positive camber. Tipping the wheel center line inward at the top produces negative camber. When the camber is positive, the tops of the tires are further apart than the bottom. Correct camber improves handling and cuts tire wear.
Camber thrust: The side force generated when a tire rolls with camber. Camber thrust can add to or subtract from the side force a tire generates.
Cam-ground piston: A piston with a skirt that is ground slightly egg-shaped or oval-shaped. The widest diameter of the skirt is at right angles to the piston-pin axis. When it is heated, it becomes round. The design allows for a closer fit in the cylinder so that there is a reduction of blowby gas, cylinder scuffing, and piston slap. Also see piston
Camshaft: A shaft with cam lobes (bumps) which is driven by gears, a belt, or a chain from the crankshaft. It causes the valves to open and close. Also see double-overhead cam, overhead cam, race camshaft, and three-quarter race camshaft.
Camshaft gear: A gear that is used to drive the camshaft.
Candle power: A measurement of the light producing ability of a light bulb.
Canister: *
Cantilever brakes: Rim brakes on bicycles with pivoting arms mounted on fork blades or seatstays at or below rim level.
Cap: Cleaner air package system of reducing the amount of unburned hydrocarbons in the automobile exhaust. Also see bearing cap, distributor cap, hub cap, and pressure cap.
Capacitance: The property which opposes any change in voltage in an electrical circuit.
Capacitive discharge: A type of ignition system which is abbreviated as CD. It can be either all-electronic or breaker point controlled. The primary power is drawn from the engine's battery and put into the CD power supply, where it is changed from 12 volts direct current to about 300 volts of pulsating direct current that is stored in a capacitor (condenser). The release of this energy through the coil is governed by a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR). When the SCR switch is closed, the voltage stored in the capacitor is supplied to the coil, which acts as a voltage step-up transformer boosting firing voltage to around 30,000 volts to fire the plugs.
Capacitor: See "condenser."
Capacitor controlled electronic ignition: See electronic ignition system and "capacitive discharge."
Capacity: * Also see breathing capacity
Car: *
Carb: An abbreviation for "carburetor."
Carbon: Used to describe the hard, or soft, black deposits found in the combustion chamber, on the plugs, under the rings, on and under the valve heads, etc. Although it is not a metal, it is a good conductor of electricity.
Carbon monoxide (CO): A deadly, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas found in the engine exhaust. Toxic even in relatively small concentrations. Formed by incomplete burning of hydrocarbons. Thus at its greatest with a rich mixture.
Carbon tetrachloride: A liquid often used in fire extinguishers. The fumes are toxic avoid inhaling.
Carbonize: Building up of carbon on objects such as spark plugs, pistons, heads, etc.
Carburetor: Optionally spelled carburetter or carburettor. A device that vaporizes fuel & mixes it with air in proper quantities and proportions to suit the varying needs of the engine. A filter screens the air which is drawn into the carburetor. Here the gasoline mixes with the air and this fuel vapor enters the combustion chamber through the intake valve where it is compressed and burned. Also see air-valve carburetor, double-barrel carburetor, downdraft carburetor, dual carbs, four-barrel carburetor, sidedraft carburetor, single-barrel carburetor, and updraft carburetor.
Carburetor adapter: An adapter that is used to fit or place one type of carburetor on an intake manifold that may not be originally designed for it. Also used to adapt four-barrel carburetors to two-barrel manifolds.
Carburetor barrel: The tube-like part of the car through which air flows and is mixed with vaporized fuel. The choke butterfly valve is located at the top of the carburetor barrel, and the throttle valve is located at the bottom. Midway through, the barrel narrows, and this part is called the "venturi." Carburetors can have one, two, or four barrels.
Carburetor circuits: A series of passageways and units designed to perform a specific function idle circuit, full power circuit, etc.
Carburetor icing: The formation of ice on the throttle plate or valve during certain atmospheric conditions. As the fuel nozzles feed fuel into the air horn it turns to a vapor. This robs heat from the air and when weather conditions are just right (fairly cool and quite humid) ice may form. Also see icing.
Cardan joint: A type of universal joint named after the Italian Cardan who developed the concept in the 16th century. In the 17th century, Robert Hooke of England developed and patented the conventional universal joint. Sometimes it is called the "Cardan universal" or the "Hooke universal." It has two yokes at right angles to each other.
Cardan universal: See "Cardan joint."
Carriage: *
Carrier bearings: The bearings upon which the differential case is mounted.
Carrier, pinion: See pinion carrier.
Carrier, planet: See planet carrier.
Case: See differential case.
Case harden: The action of hardening the surface of steel.
Case-hardened: A piece of steel that has had the outer surface hardened while the inner portion remains relatively soft.
Casing: See tire casing.
Cast iron: An alloy of iron and more than 2% carbon. It is used for engine blocks and transmission and differential cases because it is relatively cheap and easy to mold into complex shapes.
Castle nut: See "castellated nut."
Castellated nut: A nut with several lugs protruding from one end making it look like the turrets on the top of the wall of a castle. This nut is used on a shaft with a hole drilled in it. It is secured to the shaft by passing a cotter pin through an opening in the nut and through the shaft hole.
Caster: A wheel alignment adjustment that positions the wheels like the casters on a chair or shopping cart, so the tires follow naturally in a forward straight line. The top of the kingpin is either forward or toward the rear of the car. When tipped forward it is termed negative caster. When tipped toward the rear it is termed positive caster. On a turn, the wheels will tend to straighten out when the steering wheel is released.
Caster wobble: A condition generally produced in the front wheels when they are attached to the ends of a beam axle. It is particularly noticeable on rough roads and the shimmy at the steering wheel makes it difficult to control the vehicle. You have probably seen this condition in a shopping cart that has caster wheels that wiggle or fluctuate back and forth and will not roll in a straight line.
Casting: Pouring metal into a mold to form an object. Also see die casting.
Catalytic converter: A pollution-control device found on all new cars which acts like an afterburner to reburn unburned gas in the tail pipe. It looks like a small muffler. It contains platinum or palladium which is a catalyst for the chemical reaction needed to burn off any unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide by turning them into water vapor, carbon dioxide and other less toxic gases. Also see three-way catalytic converter.
Cathode: In an electric circuit the negative terminal.
Caved: *
Cavitation: A condition in which a partial vacuum forms around the blades or impeller wheels of a pump, reducing the pump's output because part of the pump blades lose contact with the liquid. It can be a problem in fuel and water pumps, fluid couplings, and torque converters. When severe, it can result in the erosion of the pump blades and other internal surfaces.
CDI box: Acronym for "Capacitive discharge ignition" device sometimes controlled by a computer. It is designed to help the spark plugs fire at a rate consistent with the rpms of the engine.
Cell: A compartment in a battery which contain positive and negative plates suspended in electrolyte. A six-volt battery has three cells, a twelve-volt battery six cells.
Cell connector: The lead bar or strap connecting battery cell groups.
Celsius: Thermometer on which the boiling point of water is 100 deg and the freezing point is 0 deg. The term replaces the word centigrade. To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 then multiply the result by 5 and divide by 9. To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, then divide by 5. Now add 32 to the result.
Center of buoyancy: The position in a floating object where the upthrust appears to act.
Center of gravity: That point in an object, if through which an imaginary pivot line were drawn, would leave the object in balance. In the car, the closer the weight to the ground, the lower the center of gravity. Cornering, acceleration, and other forces act upon the car's center of gravity, thus affecting body roll and other handling characteristics.
Center of pressure: An aerodynamically determined point at which wind force on the side of a car is assumed to be concentrated for analytical purposes. It is a function of the shape and aerodynamic resistance of an automobile's body shell, determines the effect of side winds on a car's direction of travel, and is a concept similar to the center of gravity.
Center steering linkage: A steering system using two tie rods connected to the steering arms and to a central idler arm, the idler arm is operated by a drag link that connects the idler arm to the pitman arm.
Centigrade: Thermometer on which the boiling point of water is 100 deg and the freezing point is 0 deg. The term is no longer in use and is replaced by the word Celsius.
Centrifugal advance: A device found on the distributor which, through the action of centrifugal force on two weights, advances or retards the ignition spark to correspond with changes in engine speed and load.
Centrifugal clutch: A clutch that uses centrifugal force to expand a friction device on the driving shaft until it is locked to a drum on the driven shaft. See "clutch"
Centrifugal force: That force which tends to keep moving objects travelling in a straight line, when a moving car is forced to make a turn, centrifugal force attempts to keep it moving in a straight line, if the car is turning at too high a speed, centrifugal force will be greater than the frictional force between the tires and the road and the car will slide off the road.
Centripetal force: A force which acts towards a central point, such as Earth's gravity.
Ceramics: *
Ceramic filter: A filtering device using a porous ceramic as the filtering agent.
Cetane rating: A method of rating diesel oil by measuring the time lapse between fuel injection and ignition to determine how easy it is to ignite and how fast it will burn.
Chain: Linked metal rope that connects the chainwheel to the back wheel, sized differently for different types of bikes. Also see derailleur chains and timing chain.
Chainring: A sprocket attached to the right crankarm of a bicycle to drive the chain. Also called "chainwheel."
Chainring nut spanner: A special bicycle tool used to loosen the slotted nuts that fasten a chainring to a crankarm.
Chainstays: The two tubes of a bicycle frame that run from the bottom bracket back to the rear dropouts.
Chainwheel: A sprocket attached to the right crankarm of a bicycle to drive the chain. Also called "chainring."
Chain whip: A tool consisting of a metal bar and two sections of chain, used in changing cogs on a freewheel. Also called "chain wrench."
Chain wrench: See "chain whip."
Chalking: The appearance of a white powder of a paint surface as it weathers and ages.
Chamber: See "combustion chamber" and pre-combustion chamber.
Chamfer: To bevel or taper the edge of an object especially a hole.
Channelled: Car body lowered down around the frame.
Chapman strut: A type of rear suspension using a lower lateral link and a long spring-shock strut to determine wheel geometry. The basic principle is the same as that of the front MacPherson strut and it is so named because Colin Chapman first used it on the original Elite; it is also used on the Elan models, the new Elite, and the Datsun (Nissan) Z-car.
Charcoal: *
Charge: 1. The action of passing an electric current through a battery to restore it to the active (charged) state. Normally the car's generator or alternator takes care of this. If the vehicle is not used much, an external battery charger is needed to charge the battery. 2. Refers to the mass of air and fuel that enters a cylinder during the intake stroke. 3. A refund amount of money. See "core charge."
Charging: See battery charging.
Charging system: A system that, using a fan belt driven by the engine, enables the alternator (or generator) to generate electrical current, which is stored in the battery and delivered to the electrically operated pars of the car chassis: The parts of the car which are left when the body and fenders are removed.
Chase: To repair damaged threads on a bolt or nut.
Chassis: Generally, chassis refers to the frame, engine, front and rear axles, springs, steering system and gas tank. In short, everything but the body and fenders.
Chassis dynamometer: See dynamometer.
Check valve: A valve that opens to permit the passage of fluid or air in one direction and closes to prevent passage in the opposite direction.
Checking: Short, very fine crack lines that appear in the paint film.
Checkup: *
Chenard-Walcker (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A "classic car"
Cherry condition: A popular term for a car that has been kept in, or restored to, perfect condition. Also called "mint condition."
Chevrolet Bel Air V-8 Hardtop & Convertible (1955-57): A milestone car
Chevrolet Camaro SS/RS V-8 & Z-28 (1967-69): A milestone car
Chevrolet Corvette (1953-70): A milestone car
Chevrolet Nomad (1955-57): A milestone car
Chilled iron: Cast iron possessing a hardened outer skin.
Choke: A butterfly valve or plate located near the top of the carburetor that limits or restricts the amount of air allowed to enter the carburetor, thus enriching the fuel/air mixture & enabling the car to start and run more easily when cold. Automatic chokes have a thermostatic coil or thermostatic spring that activates a butterfly valve at the top of the carburetor barrel. Older cars have manually operated chokes. Some vehicles use an enrichner instead of a choke. Also see automatic choke, enrichner, manual choke, thermostatic coil choke, and thermostatic spring choke.
Choke stove: A heating compartment in or on the exhaust manifold from which hot air is drawn to the automatic choke device.
Chop: Lowering the height of some area of the car roof, hood, etc.
Chopped wheel: Lightened flywheel.
Christmas tree: A device, using a series of lights, to start cars on the timed 114 mile drag run.
Chrome ring: See piston ring, chrome.
Chrysler (1926-30 Imperial 80, 1931 Imperial 8 Series CG, 1932 CG & CH, 1933 CL, 1934-6 CW) [requires application to be a classic car]: A "classic car"
Chrysler 300 Hurst (1970): A milestone car
Chrysler 300 Letter Series (1955-65): A milestone car
Chrysler Town & Country (1946-50): A milestone car
Chug: *
Cigar lighter: *
Circle: See base circle.
Circuit: 1. A source of electricity (battery), a resistance unit (headlight, etc.) and wires that form a path for the flow of electricity from the source through the unit and back to the source. The path of electrical current through an electrical system. See starting system. 2. The path of the fuel in the carburetor. See "carburetor circuits."
Circuit breaker: A protective device that will make and break the flow of current when current draw becomes excessive. Unlike the fuse, it does not blow out but vibrates on and off thus giving the driver some light to stop by. Also see "cutout."
Cisitalia GT (Pininfarina) (1946-49): A milestone car
Citro‰n D8 & ID 19 (1955-64): A milestone car
Clamshell: *
Clapboard: *
Classic car: A car that is generally considered to be one of the finest models ever built. Unlike antique cars, classic cars do not have to be extremely old. Mustangs and VW bugs built in the late 1960s are considered to be classics by many people; however, they are really milestone cars. Classic cars are defined by the Classic Car Club of America and are considered to be certain models during the years 1925-1948. They include the following built during those years: A.C.; Adler*; Alfa-Romeo; Alvis Speed 20, 25, and 4.3 litre; Amilcar*; Armstrong-Siddeley*; Aston-Martin*; Auburn; Austro-Daimler; Ballot*; Bentley; Benz*; Blackhawk; BMW (327, 328, 327/328, 335); Brewster*; Brough Superior*; Bucciali*; Bugatti; Buick (1931-32 series 90)*; Cadillac (1925-35, all 12-cyl & 16-cyl, 1938-41 60 Special, 1936-48 all series 67, 70, 72, 75, 80, 85, 90); Chenard-Walcker*; Chrysler (1926-30 Imperial 80, 1931 Imperial 8 Series CG, 1932 CG & CH, 1933 CL, 1934-6 CW)*; Cord; Cunningham; Dagmar (25-70 model only); Daimler*; Darracq (8-cyl. cars and 4-litre, 6-cyl. cars only); Delage (Model D-8, not 4-cyl.)*; Delahaye (Series 135, 145, 165 not 4-cyl.)*; Delaunay Belleville (6-cyl. cars only); Doble; Dorris; Duesenberg; DuPont; Excelsior*; Farman*; Fiat*; FN*; Franklin (All models except 1933-34 Olympic Six); Frazer Nash*; Graham-Paige (Custom body only)*; Hispano Suiza; Horch; Hotchkiss*; Hudson (1929 Series L); Humber*; Invicta; Isotta-Fraschini; Itala; Jaguar (1946-48 2.5 Litre, 3.5 Litre Mark IV, not 4-cyl.); Jensen*; Jordan (Speedway Series 'Z' only); Julian*; Kissel (1925-26 all models, 1927 8-75, 1928 8-90 and 8-90 White Eagle, 1929 8-125 and 8-90 White Eagle, 1930 8-125); Lagonda (all except Rapier); Lanchester*; Lancia*; LaSalle (1927-1933); Lincoln (All L, K, KA, and KB, 1941 168H, 1942 268H); Lincoln Continental; Locomobile (All models 48 and 90; 1927 8-80; 1928 8-80; 1929 8-80); Marmon (All 16-cyl.; 1925 74; 1926 74; 1927 75; 1928 E75; 1930 Big 8; 1931 88 and Big 8); Maserati*; Maybach; McFarlan; Mercedes*; Mercedes-Benz (All 230 and up, and K, S, SS, SSK, SSKL, Grosser and Mannheim)*; Mercer; MG (1935-39 SA, 1938-39 WA)*; Minerva (All except 4-cyl); Moon (Custom bodies only)*; N.A.G.*; Nash (1930 Twin Ignition 8, 1931 Series 900, 1932 Series 990, Advanced 8, Ambassador 8)*; Packard (All sixes and eights 1925-34, all 12-cyl. models, 1935 Models 1200-1208, 1936 Models 1400-1408, 1937 Models 1500-1508, 1938 Models 1603-1608, 1939 Models 1703-1708, 1940 Models 1803-1808, 1941 Models 1903-1908, 1942 Models 2004-2008 plus 2023, 1946-47 Models 2106 and 2126, all Darrin-bodied)*; Peerless (1926-28 Series 69; 1930-31 Custom 8; 1932 Deluxe Custom 8); Peugeot*; Pierce-Arrow; Railton*; Raymond-Mays*; Renault (45 HP)*; Reo (1931-33 Royale 8-31, Royale 8-35, Royale 8-52, and Royale Custom 8 and 1934 N1, N2, and 8-52); ReVere; Riley*; Roamer (1925 8-88, 6-54e, 4-75; 1926 4-75e and 8-88; 1927; 1928; 1929 8-88; 1929 8-125; 1930 8:125); Rochet-Schneider*; Rohr; Rolls-Royce; Ruxton; Squire; SS and SS Jaguar (1932-1940 except 4-cyl.); Stearns-Knight; Stevens Duryea; Steyr*; Studebaker (1929-33 President); Stutz; Sunbeam (8-cyl. and 3-litre twin-cam only); Talbot (all 105C and 110C); Talbot Lago (all 150C); Tatra*; Triumph (Dolomite 8 and Gloria 6 models only); Vauxhall (25/70 and 30/98 only); Voisin; Wills Sainte Claire; Willys-Knight (Series 66)*. The items marked with an asterisk (*) indicate that these models require application to be a classic car.
Classic Car Club of America: P.O. Box 443, Madison, NJ 07940. Organization which defines which cars are true classics.
Claxton horn: See horn
Cleaner: * Also see air cleaner
Clearance: A given amount of space between two parts such as between piston and cylinder, bearing and journal, etc. See bearing clearance and valve clearance.
Clear coat: A clear paint covering used on modern car bodies.
Clincher tire: A tire whose edges hook under the curved-in hooked edge of a special rim, not commonly found anymore on bicycles and often confused with the common wired-on tire. See wired-on tire.
Clipless pedals: Road bike pedals that use a releasable mechanism like that of a ski binding to lock onto cleated shoes and do not use toe clips or straps.
Clockwise: Rotation to the right as that of clock hands.
Close-coupled sedan: Similar to the sedan, this body style is shorter and thus usually accommodates only five passengers. The rear quarter windows were eliminated.
Closed cooling system: See "coolant recovery system."
Closed crankcase ventilation: A system in which crankcase vapors are discharged into the engine intake system (usually through the intake manifold) and pass through the engine cylinders rather than being discharged into the atmosphere.
Closed loop system: A self-adjusting system which keeps conditions stable and is controlled by negative feedback.
Cloud point: The temp at which diesel oil tends to thicken and cloud up.
Cluster gear: The cluster of gears that are all cut on one long gear blank. The cluster gears ride in the bottom of the transmission. The cluster provides a connection between the transmission input shaft and the output shaft. Also called "counter gear."
Clutch: A device that disconnects the engine from the transmission, to allow the car to change gears, and then allows the engine & transmission to resume contact & turn together at a new speed. Also see "centrifugal clutch," "cone clutch," multiple disc clutch, freewheeling, overrunning clutch, riding the clutch, roller clutch, and sprag clutch.
Clutch diaphragm spring: A round dish-shaped piece of flat spring steel. It is used to force the pressure plate against the clutch disc in some clutches.
Clutch disc or disk: A spinning plate located at the end of the driveshaft facing the engine flywheel and covered with a friction material such as asbestos. When the clutch is engaged, the disc is squeezed between the flywheel and the clutch pressure plate, causing the engine and the transmission to turn at the same speed.
Clutch explosion: Clutches have literally flown apart (exploded) when subjected to high rpm, a scatter shield is used on competition cars to protect the driver and spectators from flying parts in the event the clutch explodes.
Clutch housing: A cast iron or aluminum housing that surrounds the flywheel and clutch mechanism. Also called "bell housing."
Clutch pedal: A pedal located on the floor of the car to the left of the brake pedal on cars with manual trans. When the clutch pedal is depressed, it disengages the clutch so the engine and the crankshaft can turn independently of the transmission and the driver can change gears.
Clutch pedal free travel: The specified distance that the clutch pedal may be depressed before the throw-out bearing actually contacts the clutch release fingers.
Clutch pilot bearing: A small bronze bushing, or in some cases a ball bearing, placed in the end of the crankshaft or in the center of the flywheel depending on the car, that is used to support the outboard end of the transmission input shaft.
Clutch pressure plate: That part of a clutch assembly that through spring pressure, squeezes the clutch disc against the flywheel thereby transmitting a driving force through the assembly. To disengage the clutch, the pressure plate is drawn away from the flywheel via linkage.
Clutch release bearing: See throw-out bearing.
Clutch semi-centrifugal release fingers: Clutch release fingers that have a weight attached to them so that at high rpm the release fingers place additional pressure on the clutch pressure plate.
Clutch shaft: The shaft that takes power from the clutch into the gearbox. Also called the "drive pinion."
Clutch solenoid: In some car air conditioners, a solenoid that operates a clutch on the compressor drive pulley. When the clutch is engaged, the compressor is driven and cooling takes place.
Clutch throw-out fork: The device or fork that straddles the throw-out bearing and that is used to force the throw-out bearing against the clutch release fingers.
Coach: An enclosed two-door type body with permanent back panels and top, it is similar to the coupe, but the seating is different. A full width cross seat in the rear accommodates three passengers. Two separate seats in the front fold out of the way to admit rear passengers. There is no trunk, but trunk racks are frequently provided.
Coast: * Also see freewheel.
Coat: See "clear coat", gel coat, mist coat, prime coat, single coat, and tack coat.
Coating: * Also see polymer coating.
Cobbled: *
Coefficient of drag: See drag coefficient.
Coefficient of friction: A measurement of the amount of friction developed between two objects or surfaces in physical contact when one of the objects is drawn across the other. If a book were placed on a table and a measuring scale used to pull the book, the amount of weight or pull registered on the scale would be the coefficient of friction. This coefficient of friction is dependent upon both surfaces in contact. It is large if the surfaces are rough and small if they are smooth.
Cog: Any toothed gear. A sprocket attached directly to the rear hub on a single-speed bike and mounted on a freewheel on a multi-speed bike.
Cog belt: A toothed belt normally of fibreglass-reinforced rubber for driving the camshaft from the crankshaft. In cars, cog belts are primarily used with overhead camshafts but are sometimes used to drive pumps.
Coil: Metal bands or strands of wire wrapped in a circular fashion. See exciter coil, field coil, ignition coil, and pick-up coil
Coil spring: A section of spring steel rod wound in a spiral pattern or shape. Widely used in both front and rear suspension systems. Like large metal bed springs, these coils cushion and absorb the shocks and bumps as the car is driven. They are usually found near the front wheels, but some cars have them in the rear as well. Often the shock absorbers run up the center of the coil springs.
Collapsed piston: A piston whose skirt diameter has been reduced due to heat and the forces imposed upon it during service in the engine. Also see piston collapse.
Column: See steering column.
Combustion: The intense burning of the fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber. Some used to think that the fuel-air mixture exploded; but further investigation has shown that it rapidly burns. See "compression ignition", external combustion engine, and internal combustion engine.
Combustion chamber: The area in the cylinder above the piston with the piston on TDC in the compression stroke. The head of the piston, the cylinder walls, and the head form the chamber. Combustion of the fuel-air mixture begins here when ignited by a sparkplug. Also see hemispherical combustion chamber and wedge combustion chamber.
Combustion chamber volume: Volume of combustion chamber (space above piston with piston on TDC) measured in CC (cubic centimetres).
Combustion space: See "combustion chamber."
Commutator: A series or ring of copper bars that are connected to the armature windings. The bars are insulated from each other and from the armature. The brushes (as in the generator or starter) rub against the whirling commutator.
Compensating jet: A fuel tube or pipe in the carburetor, into which air is admitted through one or more holes to compensate for a tendency of the main nozzle to deliver too rich a mixture as the air velocity through the carburetor increases. Also called "air bleed."
Compensating port: A small hole in a brake master cylinder to permit fluid to return to the reservoir.
Compensator valve: A valve in automatic transmissions designed to increase the pressure on the brake band during heavy acceleration.
Components: The parts that constitute a whole.
Composite headlight: A headlight system which is unlike the sealed beam headlight. When the bulb fails, you can replace just the bulb, not the whole unit. Because the lens is contoured to the shape of the vehicle, there are many different shapes. Thus each lens is low production and can be very costly to replace. Compare sealed beam headlight.
Compound: 1. Two or more ingredients mixed together. 2. An abrasive paste or liquid that smooths and polishes the painted surface. Also see rubbing compound.
Compression: 1. Applying pressure to a spring, or any springy substance, thus causing it to reduce its length in the direction of the compressing force. 2. Applying pressure to a gas, thus causing a reduction in volume. 3. One of the essential factors in a combustion engine (Fuel, Air, Proper proportion of mixture, Compression, Timing, Spark). Also see primary compression and secondary compression.
Compression check: Testing the compression in all the cylinders at cranking speed. All plugs are removed, the compression gauge placed in one plug hole, the throttle cracked wide open and the engine cranked until the gauge no longer climbs. The compression check is a good way in which to determine the condition of the valves, rings, and cylinders.
Compression gauge: A gauge used to test the compression in the cylinders. A poor compression reading can indicate that there is leakage through the valves or the piston rings. In two stroke engines, it could indicate that there is poor primary compression because of a leak in the crankshaft seals.
Compression ignition: Combustion of a fuel-air mixture without spark. In the diesel engine, air is drawn into the cylinder and compressed to a temperature sufficiently high that fuel oil injected at the end of the compression stroke burns in the cylinder without a spark to initiate combustion.
Compression ratio: When the piston is at the bottom of its travel (BDC), the volume of cylinder is measured (suppose the volume is X). Then the piston is placed at the top of its travel (TDC) and the volume of the cylinder is measured (suppose this volume is Y). The compression ratio is a comparison of these two values expressed as X:Y. Then the values are mathematically changed so that the second number is always 1. Thus you hear of ratios like 10.5:1 or 9.5:1 or 8:1.
Compression ring: A ring which surrounds the piston and fits in a grove in the piston. It is designed to seal the burning fuel charge above the piston. Generally there are two compression rings per piston and they are located in the two top ring grooves. They also help to transfer heat from the piston into the cylinder walls and subsequently to the water jacket surrounding the cylinder.
Compression spring: An open-coil, helical spring that offers resistance to a compressive form.
Compression stroke: The second stroke of the four-stroke cycle, in which the piston moves upward from bottom dead center to top dead center, compressing the fuel-air mixture.
Compressor: A mechanism in a refrigerator or air conditioner that pumps vaporized refrigerant out of the evaporator, compresses it to a relatively high pressure and then delivers it to the condenser.
Computer: *
Concentric: Two or more circles so placed as to share a common center.
Concours: Also called "concours d'elegance." This is the term used to describe a show where cars in superb condition are judged against a standard of excellence established by the sponsors, with awards given to winners. Show cars compete in a concours.
Concours d'elegance: See "concours."
Cond: Abbreviation for "condition," as in "excellent cond."
Condensation: Moisture, from the air, deposited on a cool surface. The reverse of evaporation.
Condense: Turning a vapor back into a liquid.
Condenser: 1. A small metal cylinder which is usually located in the distributor. It is installed between the breaker points and coil to prevent arcing at the breaker points by absorbing or storing the excess current. A condenser (also called a capacitor) has the ability to absorb and retain surges of electricity. It is constructed of two metal plates separated by an insulator. 2. The unit in an air conditioning system that cools the hot compressed refrigerant and turns it from a vapor into a liquid. Also see steam engine
Condition: See "cherry condition" and mint condition.
Conditioner: See air conditioner
Conduction: The transfer of heat from one object to another by having the objects in physical contact.
Conductor: A material forming a path for the flow of current, such as silver, copper, and carbon.
Cone: A bearing race that curves to the inside of a circle of ball bearings and works in conjunction with a cup.
Cone clutch: A clutch using a cone-shaped member that is forced into a cone-shaped depression in the flywheel, or other driving unit, thus locking the two together, although no longer used on cars, the cone clutch finds some applications in small riding tractors, heavy power mowers, etc.
Connecting rod: The connecting link between the piston and the crankshaft. It converts the up-and-down motion of the piston into the circular motion of the spinning crankshaft. Often called "con rod." Also see big-end bearing, boxed rod, and throwing a rod.
Connector, cell: See "cell connector."
Constant-depression: See air-valve carburetor.
Constant mesh gearbox: A type of transmission in which all or most of the gears are always in mesh with one another, as opposed to a sliding-gear transmission, in which engagement is obtained by sliding some of the gears along a shaft into mesh. In a constant-mesh manual gearbox, gear ratios are selected by small clutches that connect the various gearsets to their shafts so that power is transmitted through them.
Constant mesh gears: Gears that are always in mesh with each other -- driving or not.
Constant-vacuum: See air-valve carburetor.
Constant velocity joint: Abbreviated as CV joint. A type of universal joint so designed as to effect a smooth transfer of torque from the driven shaft to the driving shaft without any fluctuations in the speed of the driven shaft. Also see universal joint.
Constant velocity universal joint: See "constant velocity joint."
Constant-volume sampling: An exhaust-emissions measuring technique in which the exhaust gases produced by a car's engine are collected as it is driven through a test sequence of accelerations, decelerations, and cruise modes on a chassis dynamometer. A quantity of air is added to the exhaust gases until a specific volume (the same for all cars) is obtained. Concentrations of pollutants in the total sample are then analyzed for determination of their actual mass.
Contact breaker: See breaker points.
Contact controlled electronic ignition: See electronic ignition system.
Contact gap: See point gap.
Contact patch: The area of a tire's tread that touches the ground.
Contact points: Two movable points or areas that when pressed together, complete a circuit. These points are usually made of tungsten, platinum, or silver. Also see breaker points.
Contactless ignition: See breakerless.
Continental Mark II (1956-57): A milestone car
Continental tire: *
Contraction: A thermal action where the size of an object is reduced when cooled; the opposite of expansion.
Control: See "cruise control."
Control arms: Metal struts located at the top and bottom of the wheel spindle. The upper and lower control arms allow the front wheels to change direction. See suspension system.
Control ring: See oil control ring.
Controlled combustion system: A system of reducing unburned hydrocarbon emission from the engine exhaust. Abbreviated as CCS.
Conv: Abbreviation for "convertible."
Convection: The transfer of heat from one object to another when the hotter object heats the surrounding air and the air in turn heats the other object.
Conventional ignition: The transfer of heat from one object to another when the hotter object heats the surrounding air and the air in turn heats the other object.
Converter: 1. When used with LPG (propane), it is a device which turns LPG (propane) from liquid to vapor for use in the engine. 2. Referring to a transmission it is the device that transfers engine torque to the transmission. See torque converter.
Converter, catalytic: See "catalytic converter" and three-way catalytic converter.
Converter preheating: An emission control device which increases catalytic action in cold starts when HC and CO are their highest. Although not in use in current cars, it may become necessary in the future. Thus it may mean the following: Take longer to start a car in the morning, require a larger battery, necessitate plugging a car into household circuit, need for frequent replacement of the catalytic converter.
Convertible sedan: This is similar to the sedan body type, but with provisions of lowering both the all-weather side windows and the fabric top to create a four-door convertible.
Coolant: Liquid in the cooling system. Usually a mixture of water and antifreeze (ethylene glycol). This mixture lowers the freezing point of the water in the cooling system, prevents rust and corrosion, lubricates the water pump, and picks up heat from the engine and transfers it to the air passing through the radiator.
Coolant recovery system: A small bottle that acts as a reservoir for liquid expelled from the cooling system through the overflow pipe and returns the liquid to the system when it cools down. A special radiator pressure cap is also part of the kit. It is also called a "closed cooling system" when it is part of the original equipment.
Cooler: See oil cooler.
Cooling system: The system that removes heat from the engine. In a watercooled engine it includes radiator, pressure cap, fan, water pump, thermostat, and water jackets; in an aircooled engine it consists of fan and ducting.
Cord (1925-1948): A "classic car"
Core: When referring to casting -- a sand unit placed inside of a mold so that when the metal is poured, the core will leave a hollow shape.
Core charge: The word "core" is short for "cash on return." When you purchase a part which is rebuildable, you can return your old part and receive a core charge. Generally a core charge is collected for engines, crankshafts, alternators, radiators, and brake shoes. If the part is beyond repair, there may be no core charge.
Core hole plugs: See "core plugs."
Core plugs: Metal plugs in the sides of the engine block which can pop out because of excessive pressure or freezing and prevent the engine block from cracking. These plugs can sometimes leak and should then be replaced. Block heaters are installed by removing a core plug and inserting a heating element. Core plugs are also called "freeze plugs" or "expansion plugs."
Corncob: A bicycle term used to describe a cluster of cogs on a racing freewheel because of the small variation in number of teeth on adjacent cogs.
Cornering force: See ultimate cornering force.
Corrode: To eat away, gradually, the surface material from an object by chemical action, such as rust.
Corvair Monza (1960-64): A milestone car
Corvair Monza Spyder (1962-64): A milestone car
Corvair Monza/Corsa (1965-69): A milestone car
Cost: *
Cotter pin: A fastener shaped like a pin, but split up the center. After it is inserted, the legs are bent around the item containing the hole. A length of wire which is folded almost in half and the bend forms an eye.
Cottered crank: A bicycle crankset in which the crankarms are fastened to the axle by means of threaded cotter pins and nuts.
Cotterless crank: A bicycle crankset in which the crankarms are fastened to the axle by means of nuts or bolts instead of cotter pins.
Counter gear: See "cluster gear."
Counterbalance: A weight attached to some moving part so that the part will be in balance. Also see "crankshaft counter-balance."
Counterbore: Enlarging a hole to a certain depth.
Counterclockwise: Rotation to the left as opposed to that of clock hands.
Countershaft: The shaft in a manual gearbox that carries power by means of gears from the clutch shaft to the driveshaft, turning opposite to them.
Countersink: To make a counterbore so that the head of a screw may set flush, or below the surface.
Counterweight: Weight added to a rotating shaft or wheel to balance normal loads on the part and offset vibration. Counterweights are used on the crankshaft and are often found on the flywheel and driveshaft.
Coupe: An enclosed single-compartment body with two doors and varying passenger capacity depending on seat arrangements. Larger coupes have rear quarter windows. Coupes have fixed permanent back panels and top, as well as a luggage compartment in the rear deck. Also see sport coupe.
Coupler: *
Coupling: A connecting device used between two objects so motion of one will be imparted to the other; it may be mechanical, hydraulic, or electrical. Also see fluid coupling.
Coupling point: This refers to the point at which both the pump and the turbine in a torque converter are travelling at the same speed, the drive is almost direct at this point.
Cover: See tonneau cover and valve cover.
Cowl: The part of the car body between the engine firewall and the front of the dash panel. It usually houses the instruments and the plenum chamber for the heater-ventilation system.
Cowl shake: This is a vibration or shake of a car, usually a convertible type, in the cowl area due to lack of torsional rigidity of the frame and body. A certain amount is almost unavoidable in convertibles unless frame-strengthening weight penalties are of no concern.
Cowling: *
Crab: *
Crack: *
Crank: * Also see flat crank.
Crank throw: See "crankpin."
Crankarm: A part, one end of which is attached to the bottom bracket axle and the other holds a pedal, whose forward rotation provides the leverage needed to power the bicycle.
Crankarm fixing bolt: The bolt that holds a crankarm on the end of the axle in a cotterless crankset of a bicycle.
Crankcase: The lower part of the engine that surrounds the crankshaft, this is not to be confused with the pan which is a thin steel cover that is bolted to the crankcase.
Crankcase dilution: An accumulation of unburned gasoline in the crankcase, an excessively rich fuel mixture or poor combustion will allow a certain amount of gasoline to pass down between the pistons and cylinder walls and dilute the engine oil.
Crankset: A group of components on a bicycle that includes the bottom bracket removable parts, two crankarms, and one or more chainrings.
Cranking: The act of engaging the starter by turning the key in the ignition switch which makes the engine turn over. In the old days, a hand crank was used to do this, thus the term "cranking."
Cranking circuit: See starting system.
Cranking motor: See starter.
Crankpin: The bearing surface on a crank of the crankshaft to which the connecting rod is attached. Also called the "journal" or "crank throw."
Crankshaft: A main rotating shaft running the length of the engine. The crankshaft is supported by main bearings. Portions of the shaft are offset to form throws to which the connecting rods are attached. As the pistons move up and down, the connecting rods move the crankshaft around. The turning motion of the crankshaft is transmitted to the transmission and eventually to the driving wheels. Also see stroked crankshaft.
Crankshaft counter-balance: A series of weights attached to or forged integrally with the crankshaft so placed as to offset the reciprocating weight of each piston and rod assembly.
Crankshaft gear: A gear mounted on the front of the crankshaft. It is used to drive the camshaft gear.
Crankshaft pulley: A wheel attached to the front end of the crankshaft which is connected by fan belts to the fan, the alternator, and other devices so that the rotating crankshaft can drive these other parts as well. The crankshaft pulley usually has timing marks located on it, and these are necessary for checking and adjusting timing with a timing light. Also called a "harmonic balance wheel."
Crate: *
Crazing: Many fine cracks in the paint surface, resembling crow's feet.
Creeper: A platform on four small caster wheels that allows you to move around easily while lying on your back under your car.
Crosley Hotshot/SS (1950-52): A milestone car
Cross-hatch coat: Checkerboard application of paint to be sure of a continuous paint film. One medium coat is usually followed by a second medium coat in a perpendicular direction.
Crossover: See heat crossover.
Crossover gearing: A bicycle gearing system whose shift sequence involves moving from the lowest to the midrange of gears on the smaller chainring, then crossing over to the larger chainring for the remainder of the gears.
Cross-shaft lug wrench: See lug wrench.
Cross shaft: The shaft in the steering gearbox that engages the steering shaft worm, the cross shaft is splined to the pitman arm.
Cross three: A spoking pattern in which a spoke passes over two and under a third spoke before being attached to the rim.
Crude oil: Unrefined petroleum as it comes out of the ground. It forms the basis of gasoline, engine oil, diesel oil, kerosene, etc.
Cruise control: A feature that keeps your car moving at a set speed. Old cruise controls were mere throttle control units which kept the throttle speed the same. When the car approached a hill, the car slowed down noticeable going up and speeded up going down. Later models used vacuum controls to push or pull on the accelerator rod. Newer models use electronic controls to accomplish this task. It can be turned off by hitting the off button or touching the brake pedal. The resume switch allows you to return to the pre-set speed after brake disengagement. The coast switch slows the speed down and accelerate increases it.
C-spanner: A wrench whose end is shaped like a C, used to loosen the lockring on a bottom bracket of a bicycle.
Cubes: A slang term for cubic inches, or cubic inch displacement of an engine.
Cubic inch displacement: See Displacement
Cunningham (1925-1948): A classic car
Cunningham (1951-55): A milestone car
Cuno filter: A filter made up of a series of fine discs or plates pressed together in a manner that leaves a very minute space between the discs. Liquid is forced through these openings to produce a straining action.
Cup: See bearing cup. and adjustable cup.
Cup washer: A washer that is dished.
Curb weight: The weight of a vehicle without passengers or payload, but including all fluids (oil, gas, coolant, etc.) and other equipment specified as standard.
Current: The movement of free electrons through a conductor. Also see alternating current and direct current.
Curing: The final drying stage where the paint reaches maximum strength.
Cutout: 1. A form of bypass valve, located in the exhaust line, that can be used to divert the flow of exhaust from one pipe to another. Often used to bypass the muffler into a straight pipe. See exhaust cutout. 2. A device to connect or disconnect the generator from the battery circuit. When the generator is charging, cutout makes circuit, when generator stops, cutout breaks circuit. Also referred to as "cutout relay," and "circuit breaker."
Cutout relay: See "cutout."
Cylinder: 1. The round chamber or hole in the cylinder block that houses the pistons and where combustion takes place. Also called "bore" or "barrel." 2. Any tube-like device. See brake master cylinder, "cylinder block," "cylinder bore," "cylinder head," "cylinder sequence," "cylinder sleeve," and wheel cylinder.
Cylinder block: The basic framework of the engine to which other engine parts are attached. It is usually a casting and includes the engine cylinders and the upper part of the crankcase. Also see engine block.
Cylinder bore: The cylinder holes.
Cylinder head: The detachable metal section that is bolted on top of the cylinder block. It is used to cover the tops of the cylinders, in many cases the cylinder head contains the valves, it also forms part of the combustion chamber. It has water and oil passages for cooling and lubrication. It also holds the spark plugs. On most engines a valve cover or rocker-arm cover is located on top of the cylinder head.
Cylinder hone: A tool that uses an abrasive to smooth out and bring to exact measurements such things as engine cylinders, wheel cylinders, bushings, etc.
Cylinder sequence: The order in which the cylinders are located on a vehicle. It is important to locate the number one cylinder to check and adjust timing. In some cars it may be at the front of an engine on U.S. built cars and at the rear of some foreign cars. Also see firing order.
Cylinder sleeve: A replaceable cylinder liner or tube, it is made of a pipe-like section that is either pressed or pushed into the block. If the cylinder cannot be re-bored to an oversize or if the liner has been damaged beyond repair, the cylinder may be re-sleeved.
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Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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mõiste, sõnavara, sõnastik, termin, inglise keel
D
D'elegance: See concours.
Dagmar: Large bullet-shaped protrusion on bumpers of cars in the 1950s. It was named after a buxom television star.
Dagmar (25-70 model only) (1925-1948): A classic car
Daimler: Austro-Daimler
Daimler (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A
Daimler DE-36 Custom Built (1949-53): A milestone car
Daimler 2.5 Special Sport Convertible (1949-53): A milestone car
Damper: A friction device sometimes called a "shock absorber." Used for controlling and damping spring oscillations. The springs actually absorb road shocks; the dampers convert the energy imparted to the springs into thermal energy (by friction), which is dissipated to the atmosphere or the car's chassis. Dampers are distinguishable by the type of friction involved, mechanical or hydraulic, but most modern cars used tubular-shaped hydraulic shock absorbers. Because they affect up and down wheel motions, dampers are an important link in tuning a car's ride and handling. Also see pulsation damper, vibration damper, and harmonic balancer.
Darracq (8-cyl. cars and 4-litre, 6-cyl. cars only) (1925-1948): A classic car
Dash: See "dashboard."
Dashboard: That part of the body containing the driving instruments, switches, etc. Also called the "instrument panel."
Dashpot: A unit using a cylinder and piston, or a cylinder and diaphragm, with a small vent hole, to retard or slow down the movement of some part.
Dead axle: An axle that does not rotate but merely forms a base upon which to attach the wheels. Also see beam axle.
Dead center: The point at which the piston reaches its uppermost or lowermost position in the cylinder, the rod crank journal would be at 11 o'clock UDC or 6 o'clock LDC.
De Dion axle: A rear axle setup in which the driving wheels are attached to curved dead axle that is attached to the frame by a central pivot, the differential unit is bolted to the frame and is connected to the driving wheels by drive axles using universal joints. The De Dion system keeps the wheels upright (the same as a live axle does), but unsprung weight is reduced because the differential is out of the axle. De Dion suspension also leaves room around the differential for inboard brakes, which can further reduce unsprung weight.
Decarbon: *
Deceleration: Negative acceleration; the rate of change in velocity as a vehicle slows down during braking.
Decelerometer: An instrument for measuring deceleration.
Deck lid: The panel which covers the engine in a vehicle with the engine in the rear of the car. Also see hood
Defog: Defogger.
Defogger: An electric or hot air device to remove the fog or ice from both the inside and outside of the windshield or backlight. Some are designed to remove fog from the side windows.
Deglazer: An abrasive tool used to remove the glaze from cylinder walls so that a new set of rings will seat. Also see glaze breaker.
De-grease: Wiping the surface to be painted with a clean cloth saturated in a solvent. This is essential to good paint adhesion.
Degree: 1/360 part of a circle.
Degree wheel: A wheel-like unit that is attached to the engine crankshaft, it is used to time the valves to a high degree of accuracy.
Delage (Model D-8, not 4-cyl.) (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Delage D-6 Sedan (1946-49): A milestone car
Delahaye (Series 135, 145, 165 not 4-cyl.) (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Delahaye Type 135, 175, 180 (1946-51): A milestone car
Delaunay Belleville (6-cyl. cars only) (1925-1948): A classic car
Demagnetize: Removing residual magnetism from an object.
Density: Compactness; relative mass of matter in a given volume.
Depolarize: Removal of residual magnetism thereby destroying or removing the magnetic.
Derailleur: A lever-activated mechanism that pushes the chain off one sprocket of a bicycle and onto another, thus changing the gear ratio.
Derailleur chain, narrow width: Chain made especially for use on an "ultra" or narrow freewheel, often recognizable by bulging inner link plates and flush chain pins.
Derailleur chain, standard width: Chain designed to fit a freewheel of standard width, usually characterized by straight-edged plates and chain pins that protrude slightly beyond the outer link plates.
DeSoto Adventurer (1956-58): A milestone car
Detent ball and spring: A spring loaded ball that snaps into a groove or notch to hold some sliding object in position.
Detergent: A chemical added to the engine oil to improve its characteristics (sludge control, nonfoaming, etc.)
Detonation: The fuel charge firing or burning too violently, almost exploding. It sometimes results in a noise called "pinging." Detonation is caused by autoignition of the "end gas" i.e., that part of the charge not yet consumed in the normal flame-front reaction. Detonation occurs because piston motion and compression of the end gas raise its temperature and pressure to the point where the end gas autoignites. The pinging or knocking noise is the result of intense pressure waves in the charge which cause the cylinder walls to vibrate. Also called "fuel knock."
Deuce: Hot rod built around a 1932 Ford coupe body.
Deutsche Industrie Normen: See DIN
Devon S/S (1958-62): A milestone car
Dial gauge or indicator: A precision micrometer type instrument that indicates the reading via a needle moving across a dial face.
Diamond frame: The traditional men's bicycle frame, the principal parts of which form a diamond shape.
Diaphragm: A flexible cloth-rubber sheet that is stretched across an area thereby separating two different compartments. A diaphragm is used in pumps to create a pressure differential that causes a fluid to be pushed or pulled from one point to another. Some carburetors have no float bowl (i.e., Tillotsen), but use a series of diaphragms to pump gasoline into the engine.
Diaphragm spring: A type of spring shaped like a disc with tapering fingers pointed inward or like a wavy disc, used in some clutches. In an automotive clutch the diaphragm spring is part of the clutch pressure plate. When the clutch is engaged, this spring forces the pressure plate against the clutch disc; driver effort through the clutch linkage overcomes the spring pressure to disengage it. Also see clutch diaphragm spring.
Dickey: British term for rumble seat
Die: 1. One of a matched pair of hardened steel blocks that are used to form metal into a desired shape. 2. A tool for cutting threads. See tap and die set.
Die-back: In a lacquer finish, the loss of gloss after compounding, caused by continued evaporation of thinner.
Die casting: Formation of an object by forcing molten metal, plastic, etc., into a die.
Diesel engine: An internal combustion engine that uses diesel oil for fuel. The true diesel does not use a carburetor or an ignition system (i.e., spark plugs) but injects diesel oil into the cylinders when the piston has compressed the air so tightly that it is hot enough to ignite the diesel fuel without a spark. Because a cold engine cannot ignite the diesel fuel, glow plugs are used to heat the mixture, but they do not provide a spark. Named after Rudolf Diesel, the inventor. Also see compression ignition.
Diesel oil: Fuel for cars with diesel engines. This is not a form of lubricating oil. See cetane rating.
Dieseling: A form of autoignition in which a gasoline engine continues to fire after the ignition has been shut off. In late-model emission-controlled engines, dieseling or run-on is caused by heat and the unusually high manifold pressure that result from retarding the spark at idle.
Differential: A unit that takes the power of the rotating driveshaft at right angles to the rear axle and passes it to the axle. It will not only drive both rear axles at the same time, but will also allow them to turn at different speeds when negotiating turns. In this way the tires do not scuff or skid. Also see limited-slip differential.
Differential case: The steel unit to which the ring gear is attached. The case drives the spider gears and forms an inner bearing surface for the axle and gears.
Differential grease: See gear grease.
Dig out: To accelerate at top power.
Diluent: A fluid which thins or weakens another fluid.
Dilution: See crankcase dilution.
Diode: An electricalcomponent having the ability to pass electric current readily in one direction but resisting current flow in the other. When four diodes are connected in a certain way (i.e., "bridged") they will convert AC to DC, thus the rectifier.
Dipstick: The metal rod that passes into the oil sump it is used to determine the quantity of oil in the engine. The oil level is marked on the rod and matches level indicators on the rod. Dipsticks are used to check engine oil and transmission fluid. In most instances, the dipstick is inserted as far as it will go and then removed to check the level. In motorcycle engines, the dipstick is placed on the top of the threads (i.e., not screwed down) to check the level.
Direct current (DC): An electric current that flows steadily in one direction only. Contrasts with Alternating current.
Direct drive: When the gearing is such that the crankshaft and drive shaft revolve at the same speed, the vehicle is in direct drive. Usually this occurs in high gear (except for those with overdrive). It is represented as 1.00:1 ratio.
Directional stability: Ability of a car to move forward in a straight line with a minimum of driver control. A car with good directional stability will not be unduly affected by side wind, road irregularities, etc.
Disc: May be spelled "disk." A flat dish shaped item which may or may not have a center hole. Also see Brake disc type, clutch disc., and "Disc brake."
Disc brake: A type of brake that has two basic components: a flat rotor (disc) that turns with the wheel and a caliper that is stationary. When the brake pedal is depressed, linkage (mechanical or hydraulic) causes the caliper to force its heat-resistant brake pads against both sides of the rotating disc thus slowing or stopping the wheel. Almost all new cars have disc brakes on the front wheels with drum brakes on the rear. More expensive cars have four wheel disc brakes. Because of the need for greater pressure to activate disc brakes, most cars so equipped also have a power booster. Wear takes place in the pads and the rotors. The pads are usually replaced while the rotors can sometimes be reground else they too must be replaced. If the rotors are not tightened correctly when installed, they can warp and cause a jerking motion when stopping. Also see brake, disc type.
Disc wheel: A wheel constructed of stamped steel.
Discharge: The action of drawing electric current from the battery. The opposite action to charging. Also see capacitive discharge.
Dish: Offsetting of the hub in a rear wheel on a derailleur bike to make room for the freewheel and still allow the wheel to be centered within the frame.
Dish washer: A washer is a flat disc with a hole in the center. The disc in a dish washer is dished or bent in a concave fashion.
Disk: May be spelled disc.
Displacement: The total volume of air displaced by all the pistons in travelling from BDC to TDC, i.e., the total volume of air and fuel the cylinder can hold before compression occurs. Also called "piston displacement." Also see engine displacement.
Distillation: Heating a liquid and then catching and condensing the vapors given off by the heating process.
Distortion: A warpage or change in form from the original shape.
Distribution tubes: Tubes used in the engine cooling area to guide and direct the flow of coolant to vital areas.
Distributor: A unit in the ignition system designed to make and break the ignition primary circuit and to distribute the resultant high voltage to the proper cylinder at the correct time. The high voltage comes from the coil to the center terminal of the distributor cap and passes down the rotor. As the rotor turns, contact is made with each successive terminal on the circumference of the distributor cap. From there, the voltage goes into the spark plug wires and to the spark plug. Generally when your car has its timing adjusted, it is the distributor that is adjusted. Also called "ignition distributor."
Distributor cap: An insulated cap containing a central terminal or tower with a series (one per cylinder) of terminals or towers that are evenly spaced in a circular pattern around the central terminal or tower, the secondary voltage travels to the central terminal or tower where it is then channelled to one of the outer terminals or towers by the rotor. The cap also keeps dirt and moisture out of the distributor.
Distributor hold-down clamp: A metal bracket at the base of the distributor that has a nut or bolt which can be loosened to allow the distributor to be moved on its shaft to readjust ignition timing or to open the points for gapping.
Distributor shaft: The metal shaft inside the distributor that has a cam wheel which revolves with the shaft and forces the points to open. A spring causes the points to close.
Dive: The action of the front of the car to point downward during braking. Also see anti-dive, anti-lift, anti-squat., and Brake dive.
Doble (1925-1948): A classic car
Dodge Coronet R/T (1967-70): A milestone car
Dodge Charger R/T & Daytona (1968-70): A milestone car
Dog: 1. Man's best friend. 2. A car in very bad shape, which may not be man's best friend. 3. A lug or protrusion on an object.
Door: *
Doosy: See "Duesy."
Dorris (1925-1948): A classic car
Dos-a-dos: Back to back seating on older cars where the driver and front passenger faced forward; but the two rear passengers faced rearward.
Double-barrel carburetor: Two throttle openings or barrels from the carburetor to the intake manifold. Also see carburetor, four-barrel carburetor, and single-barrel carburetor.
Double clutching: Vehicles with manual transmission and no synchromesh have difficulty shifting from one gear to another. With synchromesh, shifting is accomplished by depressing the clutch and moving the gearshift selector from one gear to the next. Without synchromesh, shifting is not smooth unless you double clutch. Here you depress the clutch pedal, shift to neutral, lift up on the clutch pedal, blip the throttle (accelerator), then depress the clutch pedal again and shift to the next gear. While this action seems complicated, you can get used to doing it to avoid the grinding noise heard in non-synchromesh transmissions.
Double flare: The end of the tubing, especially brake tubing, has a flare so made that the flare area uses two wall thicknesses. This makes a much stronger joint and from a safety standpoint, it is a must.
Double overhead cam (DOHC): Two camshafts located above the cylinders. One drives the intake valves and the other operates the exhaust valves. This is a very sophisticated engine; but is sometimes more difficult to adjust the valves.
Dowel pin: A steel pin, passed through or partly through, two parts to provide proper alignment.
Downdraft carburetor: A carburetor in which the air passes downward through the carburetor into the intake manifold. Contrasts with sidedraft carburetor.
Downgearing: See "downshifting."
Downshifting: Manually shifting to a lower gear in order to use the engine compression to assist in reducing the vehicle's speed. Also called "downgearing."
Down tube: the tube running from the headset to the bottom bracket, one part of the main triangle on a bicycle frame.
Drafting: See Slip stream
Drag: 1. To accelerate a car from a standing start, over a course one-fourth mile in length. 2. Used by some drivers when referring to challenging another driver to an acceleration race. 3. Air resistance. See aerodynamic drag.
Drag coefficient: A number used in calculating the aerodynamic drag acting on a car. The drag coefficient is a function of factors like the shape of the car, airflow through the car for ventilation and cooling. The number is determined in a wind-tunnel or by coasting tests performed on the vehicle. The lower the drag coefficient the less drag on the car and the more aerodynamic is the car.
Drag link: A steel rod connecting the pitman arm to one of the steering knuckles. On some installations the drag link connects the pitman arm to a center idler arm.
Drag wheel: Special steering wheel used on some dragsters. Often consists of a crossbar spoke and a portion of rim on each end.
Dragster: A car especially built for drag racing.
Drain plug: See oil drain plug.
Draw: 1. To form wires by pulling the wire stock through a series of hardened dies. 2. The process of removing the hardness from a piece of metal.
Draw-filing: Filing by passing the file, at right angles, up and down the length of the work.
Drill: A tool used to bore holes. Also see letter drills, number drills, and twist drill.
Drill press: A nonportable machine used for drilling.
D-ring: A D-shaped ring found on many models of bicycle shift levers, used to adjust the level of tension on the inner parts of the lever.
Drive-fit: A condition of fit (contact) between two parts that requires pressure to force the parts together. Usually the shaft is slightly larger than the hole so that they must be pounded together. Also called "force-fit," "press-fit," or "interference."
Drive pinion: See clutch shaft.
Driver: A collectible vehicle which is too good to treat as a beater and not quite good enough to show. It is a presentable old car or truck that is used for everyday purposes. It is maintained as though it were a late-model car. With care, it could be easily restored to show car condition.
Driveshaft: The shaft connecting the transmission output shaft to the differential pinion shaft. There is usually a universal joint on either end.
Driveshaft safety strap: A metal strap or straps, surrounding the drive shaft to prevent the shaft from falling to the ground in the event of a universal joint or shaft failure.
Drivetrain: 1. This term refers to the entire moving part of the car: Engine, clutch, transmission, driveshaft, differential, axles, and sometimes the wheels. 2. the derailleurs, chain, freewheel, and crankset of a bike.
Drop: The vertical distance from the horizontal line connecting the two wheel axles and the bottom bracket, one way of determining the location of the bottom bracket in relation to the rest of the bicycle frame.
Drop center rim: The center section of the rim being lower than the two outer edges, this allows the bead of the tire to be pushed into the low area on one side while the other side is pulled over and off the flange.
Drop forged: A part that has been formed by heating the steel blank red hot and pounding it into shape with a powerful drop hammer.
Dropout: A slot in the frame into which the rear wheel axle fits. Also see fork tips.
Dropout hanger: A threaded metal piece that extends below the right rear dropout of a bicycle, used as a mount for the rear derailleur.
Dropped axle: A front axle that has been altered so as to lower the frame of the car, consists of bending the axle downward at the outer ends.
Drops: The lower, straight portion of a turned-down-type handlebar set.
Drum: See Brake drum,
Dual brakes: A brake system that uses a tandem or dual master cylinder to provide separate brake system for both front and rear of car. In the event of a loss of hydraulic fluid, one system may still work because it is independent of the other system. Often the front left brake is linked with the right rear brake. Likewise the right front brake is linked with the left rear brake. Some cars like the Rolls-Royce, link the two front brakes with the right rear brake, and the two front brakes with the left rear brake.
Dual braking system: See "dual brakes."
Dual breaker points: A distributor using two sets of breaker points to increase the cam angle (see "dwell") so that at high engine speeds, sufficient spark will be produced to fire the plugs.
Dual carbs: Two carburetors on the same engine.
Dual Ghia (1956-58): A milestone car
Duals: Two sets of exhaust pipes and mufflers -- one for each bank of cylinders.
Duct: See NACA duct.
Duesenberg (1925-1948): A classic car
Duesy: Expression to indicate quality, as "It's a duesy." The word is derived from the high quality Duesenberg automobiles.
DuPont (1925-1948): A classic car
Duration: See valve duration.
Dust cap: A metal cap that fits into a hub shell to keep contaminants out of hub bearings; a metal or plastic end cover for a spindle in a pedal or a cotterless crankset.
Dwell: The number of degrees the breaker cam rotates from the time the breaker points close until they open again. Also called the "dwell angle" or "dwell period."
Dwell angle: See "dwell."
Dwell meter: An instrument which determines the number of degrees the breaker cam rotates while the breaker points are closed. Changing the point gap affects the dwell angle. When the breaker points are correctly gapped, the distributor can give the proper amount and duration of spark to the spark plugs.
Dwell period: See "dwell."
Dykes ring: A compression piston ring which is L-shaped when viewed from the end. When installed in the piston, the horizontal part fits more deeply in the piston groove while the vertical side rubs against the cylinder wall. This style of ring gives good sealing and prevents piston-ring flutter during acceleration and deceleration of the piston.
Dynamic balance: When the center line of the weight mass of a revolving object is in the same plane as the center line of the object, that object would be in dynamic balance. For example, the weight mass of the tire must be in the same plane as the center line of the wheel. Static balance is made off the vehicle and determined with the tire stationary. Dynamic balance is made with the tire in rotation.
Dynamo: Another word for generator. Also see alternator.
Dynamometer: A machine used to measure the actual engine horsepower output and torque. An engine dynamometer measures horsepower at the crankshaft and a chassis dynamometer measures horsepower output at the wheels.
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'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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Earth: British term for ground.
Earth wire: British term for ground wire.
Easy-out: A brand name for a screw extractor.
E-box: Any electronic box including capacitive discharge ignition and computer controlled devices.
Eccentric: Two circles, one within the other, neither sharing the same center. A protrusion on a shaft that rubs against or is connected to another part, such as a cam on a camshaft. Sometimes called "off center."
Eccentric bolt: A bolt with centers of head and body on different axis so that one is off-center in relation to the other.
Economizer valve: A fuel flow control device within the carburetor.
Economy: See fuel economy.
Effective pressure: See mean effective pressure.
Efficiency: See mechanical efficiency, thermal efficiency, and volumetric efficiency.
Effort: The force which is doing work on an object.
Eight-track: An 8-track tape player found in many '60s and some '70s cars.
Elapsed time: The length of time it takes a dragster to complete the one-fourth mile run. Abbreviated ET.
Electrical system: The system that generates, stores, and distributes electrical current to crank the engine for starting and to keep it running by providing high voltage to the spark plugs; and to give power to the lights, the heater motor, radio, and other accessories. It is made up of the ignition system, starter motor, battery, alternator, voltage regulator, lights, electrical accessories, and all the wiring, switches, and relays.
Electrochemical: Chemical (battery) production of electricity.
Electrode: 1. In a spark plug, one electrode (the center electrode) is the center rod passing through the insulator. The side electrode is a rod welded to the shell of the spark plug. The distance between them is the spark gap. 2. In welding it is the metal rod that is used in arc welding.
Electrolyte: In automotive batteries, it is a sulphuric acid and water solution. It can be any solution (usually an acid) that will conduct electric current. The acid reacts with the battery plates (usually made of lead) to produce direct current electricity.
Electromagnet: A magnet produced by placing a coil of wire around a steel or iron bar. When current flows through the coil, the bar becomes magnetized and will remain so as long as the current continues to flow.
Electromagnetic: Magnetic (generator) production of electricity.
Electromotive force (EMF): See Voltage
Electron: A negatively charged particle that makes up part of the atom. Also see bound electrons and free electrons.
Electronic ignition system: An ignition system using electronic switching devices to assist or eliminate the mechanical breaker points. There are three basic electronic ignitions: contact controlled (the breaker points are retained but merely serve to trigger a transistor which switches the heavy primary current), magnetically controlled (transistors are used as the switching device for the primary current and the points are eliminated--also called "contactless" or "all-electronic"), and capacitor controlled (also called "capacitive-discharge system" and can be either all-electronic or breaker-point controlled).
Electronic sensing device: An electronic device for vehicles with fuel injection. It detects changes in speed and driving conditions and determines the amount of fuel to be injected into the combustion chamber, thus eliminating the need for carburetors.
Electroplate: The process of depositing gold, silver, chrome, nickel, etc., upon an object by placing the object in a special solution and then passing an electric current through the solution. The object forms one terminal, a special electrode the other. Direct current is used.
Element: A group of plates in a battery. Three elements for a six volt and six elements for the twelve volt battery. The elements are connected in series.
Elliot type axle: A solid bar front axle on which the ends span or straddle the steering knuckle.
Emergency brake: A braking system which is independent of the main hydraulic system. It can be used to slow or stop the car if the primary brakes fail, or to hold the car stationary though the brake pedal is not depressed. It usually consists of a foot pedal or hand lever that actuates either front or rear brakes mechanically through a series of cables and linkages. It is also called the "parking brake."
Emission controls: See "exhaust emission controls."
Emissions: See "exhaust emissions."
Enamel: Type of paint that dries to a smooth, glossy finish.
EN-block: One piece -- such as an engine cylinder block cast in one piece.
End gap: See piston ring end gap.
End gas: The last part of the fuel-air mixture that has been introduced into the cylinder, but has not yet been consumed in the normal flame-front reaction.
End gears: See axle end gears.
Energy: Capacity for doing work. See kinetic energy.
Energy Protection Agency: See "EPA estimates."
Energy-absorbing bumper: See bumper system.
Engine: A device for changing fuel energy to mechanical energy. The term applies to the prime source of power generation. Also see air cooled engine, F-head engine, I-head engine, V-type engine, and X-type engine
Engine adapter: A unit that allows a different engine to be installed in a car and still bolt up to the original transmission.
Engine block: See cylinder block.
Engine cover: The panel which conceals the engine in a mid-engine car. Also called "access panel." Also see hood
Engine displacement: To determine, multiply the volume of the space through which the head of the piston moves in the full length of its stroke by the number of cylinders in the engine. The result is given in cubic inches.
Engine flywheel: A spinning plate located at the end of the crankshaft. See flywheel.
Engine speed: The number of revolutions per minute (rpm) at which the engine crankshaft turns. The vehicle itself may be stationary or in motion.
Enrichner: A fuel plunger which is used in a carburetor in place of a choke. By activating the plunger more gas is permitted into the intake area to enrichen the fuel-air mixture for easier starting. Also see choke.
Epitrochoid: A geometric path followed by a specific point located in a generating circle which is rolled around the periphery of a base circle.
Ergonomics: [lit: The law of work] Technically, it means the biotechnology study of how human beings relate to their surroundings and how efficiently they perform in that environment. However, the meaning has also come to be used in a qualitative sense so that a car has good or bad ergonomics meaning that the controls, switches, instruments, seats, pedals, and steering wheel suit the human driver.
Estimates: Also see EPA estimates
Ethyl gasoline: Gasoline to which ethyl fluid (tetraethyl lead, ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, or another octane improver) has been added to improve the gasoline's resistance to knocking. It slows down the burning rate thereby creating a smooth pressure curve that will allow the gasoline to be used in high compression engines. It is a generic term describing premium or high-octane fuel. It was first sold in 1924
Ethylene glycol: A chemical solution added to the cooling system to protect against freezing. See antifreeze.
Evaporation: The process of changing from a liquid to a vapor, such as boiling water to produce steam; evaporation is the opposite of condensation. Also refers to solvents in the paint escaping to the air.
Evaporator: The unit in an air conditioning system used to transform refrigerant from a liquid to a gas. It is at this point that cooling takes place as heat is removed from the air.
Excelsior (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Excalibur II Series I (1965-69): A milestone car
Exchanger: See heat exchanger.
Excite: To pass an electric current through a unit such as the field coils in the generator.
Exciter coil:***.
Exhaust: The spent fuel after combustion takes place in an internal combustion engine.
Exhaust cutout: A Y-shaped device that is placed in the exhaust pipe ahead of the muffler. The driver may channel the exhaust through the muffler or out the other leg of the "Y" where the exhaust passes out without going through the muffler.
Exhaust emission controls: Systems or adjustments designed to limit noxious gases in an engine's exhaust. Such controls can be grouped into two broad categories: those designed to reduce or eliminate the formation of harmful pollutants in the engine itself (e.g., retarded spark setting) and those designed to destroy or otherwise alter the pollutants after they have been formed (e.g., air injection, thermal reactors, and catalytic converters). Evaporative emission controls prevent gasoline vapors from escaping into the atmosphere from the fuel tank and carburetor, and crankcase controls recycle fumes from the crankcase through the engine.
Exhaust emissions: The unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and other noxious gases emitted when gasoline is burned in an engine.
Exhaust-gas analyzer: An instrument used to measure the exhaust gases (in parts per million, percent, grams per kilometer, or grams per mile) to determine both combustion efficiency and the amount of pollutants in the exhaust.
Exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR): An emission control system where some of the exhaust gases are rerouted from the exhaust manifold into the combustion chamber to make sure that all fuel is burned before entering the atmosphere. The process lowers the combustion temperature and reduces the formation of oxides of nitrogen in the exhaust.
Exhaust gases: The burned and unburned gases which are expelled out of the exhaust system after combustion takes place. Also see "exhaust emissions."
Exhaust header: Steel tubing connecting pipes between the exhaust ports and the exhaust pipe. Also see "exhaust manifold."
Exhaust manifold: The connecting pipes between the exhaust ports of each cylinder and the exhaust pipe. Sometimes called the "exhaust header," but it is usually made of steel tubing.
Exhaust pipe: Pipe connecting exhaust manifold or header to the muffler.
Exhaust port: The passage in the cylinder head which connects the exhaust valve and the exhaust manifold. The exhaust gases pass through the port to the exhaust manifold or header. On two-stroke engines the exhaust port is cut into the cylinder wall because it does not have valves. Also see adjustable variable exhaust port
Exhaust stroke: The fourth stroke of a four-stroke cycle where the piston moves upward from bottom dead center to top dead center and pushes the burned exhaust gases out of the cylinder.
Exhaust system: The pipes, resonators, and mufflers that carry the exhaust gases from the exhaust manifold out into the atmosphere.
Exhaust tuning: Cutting the exhaust pipe to a length that provides maximum efficiency.
Exhaust valve: The valve through which the burned fuel charge passes on its way from the cylinder to the exhaust manifold. It is driven by the camshaft.
Expander: A ring placed under a piston ring to increase ring pressure on the cylinder walls. For instance an oil-control ring may have an expander ring to assist the oil-control ring to scrape oil off the cylinder wall and provide further sealing. See piston ring expander.
Expansion: An increase in size, for example: when a metal rod is heated, it increases in length and perhaps also in diameter. Expansion is the opposite of contraction.
Expansion plug: See core plugs.
Expansion tank: When the engine is heated, the coolant expands to fill any available space (usually in the radiator). Before the introduction of coolant expansion tanks, the excess coolant was forced out of a vent tube and on the ground. The expansion tank collects the coolant so that when the engine cools off, the resultant vacuum sucks the coolant from the tank back into the radiator.
Expansion valve: A part of an air-conditioning system, located between the condenser and the evaporator, that regulates the flow of liquid refrigerant to the vaporator. If cooling needs are low, the valve is almost closed; as additional cooling is required, the valve opens wider so that more liquid refrigerant flows to the evaporator.
Explosion: See clutch explosion.
Extension spring: A closed-coiled helical spring that offers resistance to a pulling force.
External combustion engine: An engine that burns its fuel outside the engine. A steam engine is an external combustion engine.
Extractor: See screw extractor.
Extreme-pressure lubricant (EP lubricant): A lubricant designed and compounded to withstand very heavy loads imposed on gear teeth.
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'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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fire83
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mõiste, sõnavara, sõnastik, termin, inglise keel
F
Face: To shave the outer edges of a bottom bracket shell or the upper and lower ends of a head tube to make them parallel with one another and square to the tube's centerline. Also see valve face.
Facel Vega V-8 (1954-64): A milestone car
Fact: Abbreviation for "factory."
Fade: See brake fade.
Fahrenheit: Thermometer on which the boiling point of water is 212 deg. and the freezing point is 32 deg. above zero. To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 then multiply the result by 5 and divide by 9. To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, then divide by 5. Now add 32 to the result.
Fan: 1. A fan is a rotating device with curved blades like a propeller. The primary fan in a vehicle is located behind the radiator. Some electric fans may be placed in front of the radiator. It draws air through the radiator so that the coolant looses its heat through the fins of the radiator. It is especially needed when the vehicle is idling or moving slowly. When the vehicle moves quickly, there may be no need for the fan. In some cases, the fan is automatically disengaged. The fan may be driven by a fan belt driven by the engine, or by electricity independent of the engine itself. 2. Other fans are located throughout the vehicle to push air from one location to another, especially for heating and ventilation.
Fan belt: A flexible rubber belt that connects various components in the engine compartment, i.e., alternator, water pump, emission controls, power steering pump, air conditioner compressor.
Farman (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Fascia: *
Fast idle: When the engine is cold, it needs to run faster to keep it from stalling. A cam on the carburetor forces the throttle open a little more when the choke is engaged.
Fastback: A design of car where the roof gently slopes to the rear end of the car.
Fatigue: See metal fatigue.
Feather-edge: The tapered edge of the paint where it meets the metal. The edges should be tapered or slanted so that no edge will be felt when a finger is passed over it.
Federal version: A car that complies with U.S. emission standards which are less restrictive than the standards in California. Also called a "49-state car."
Feedback The return of part of the output of a system to the input. Negative feedback causes self-adjustment of the system and therefore stability: Positive feedback causes instability.
Feel: See brake feel.
Feeler gauge: A thin strip or blade of hardened steel, ground to an exact thickness, that is used to check clearances between parts. Thicknesses increase by .001 inch.
Fender: *
Fender skirt: A plate designed to cover a portion of the rear fender wheel opening.
Ferrari V-12 (All Front Engined) (1947-70): A milestone car
Ferrous metal: Metal containing iron or steel. Non-ferrous metals are aluminum alloys, brass, copper, or magnesium.
Ferrules: Removable, cylindrical metal plates used to secure the ends of cable housing.
F-head engine: An engine having one valve in the head and the other in the block. The position of the valves create an "F" shape in combination with the combustion chambers.
Fiat (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Fibreglass: A mixture of glass fibres and resin that when cured (hardened) produces a very light and strong material. It is used to build boats, car bodies, repair damaged areas, etc.
Field: The area covered or filled with a magnetic force.
Field coil: Insulated wire wrapped around an iron or steel core. When current flows through the wire, a strong magnetic force field is built up.
Fifth wheel: * A testing wheel.
Filament: A fine wire inside a light bulb that heats to incandescence when current passes through it. The filament produces the light.
Fillet: A round joint between two parts connected at an angle.
Film: See paint film.
Filter: A device designed to remove foreign substances from air, oil, gasoline, water, etc. See air cleaner, bypass filter, ceramic filter, cuno filter, "fuel filter," "full-flow oil filter", and oil filter.
Fin: 1. A thin metal object projecting from a surface and is used to dissipate heat. It is found on radiators and air-cooled engines. 2. Wings and airfoils used to improve a car's aerodynamics or possibly aesthetics.
Final drive gear: The last gear in a drivetrain before the driven wheels. Usually it is in the differential.
Final drive ratio: This is the ratio that describes the difference between the number of times the driveshaft must turn before the axle shaft turns once. In a final drive ratio of 3.55:1, for example, the driveshaft must turn 3.55 times before the axle will turn once. The number of teeth on the ring and pinion gears determine the ratio.
Fingers: See clutch semi-centrifugal release fingers.
Finish: See original finish.
Finish coat: The final color coat applied to a vehicle.
Finishing stone: A fine stone used for final finishing during honing.
Fire point: See "flash point."
Firewall: The metal partition between the driver's compartment and the engine compartment. On front engine vehicles, it is located below the windshield; but on rear engine vehicles, it is located below the backlight. It protects the driver and passengers from engine fires, noise, and fumes.
Firing order: The sequence or order in which cylinders must be fired: 1, 5, 3, 6, 2, 4, etc. It differs from the cylinder sequence which starts with cylinder number one and goes to the last cylinder: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Fish eyes: Small pits that form in the finish coat of paint, usually due to insufficient or improper cleaning of the old coat.
Five-speed transmission: A manual transmission with five forward gears. Generally the fifth gear is an overdrive to allow the wheels to turn faster than the engine. See overdrive.
Fit: Contact area between two parts.
Fitting: * Also see grease fitting.
Fixed cup: The right-hand cup of the bottom bracket of a bicycle, ordinarily not loosened or removed during bottom bracket disassembly. Also see adjustable cup.
Fixed gear: A cog attached to a hub without a freewheel; it always turns as fast as the bicycle's wheel.
Fixed wheel: Same as fixed gear, the kind of rear wheel found on track bikes.
Fixing bolt: A bolt used to hold a crankarm on an axle in a cotterless crankset.
Flame front: The term used to describe certain aspects of the fuel explosion in the cylinders. The flame front should move in a controlled pattern across the cylinder, rather than simply exploding immediately.
Flange: 1. A projecting rim or collar on an object for keeping it in place. 2. The parts of a hub shell to which spokes are attached. 3. The circle of metal inside the teeth on a chainring.
Flare: See double flare.
Flaring tool: A tool used to form flare connections on tubing.
Flash: The first stage of the drying process of paint where most of the solvents evaporates.
Flash point: The point in the temperature range at which a given oil (especially diesel oil) in vapor form will ignite and flash into flame. The higher the flash point, the better the lubricating quality of the oil. The temperature at which the vapor continues to burn is called the "fire point."
Flash time: The time required for a coat of paint to lose most of its solvent through evaporation.
Flashover: Tendency of electrical current to travel down the outside of a spark plug instead of through the center electrode.
Flat crank: A crankshaft having one of the bearing journals out-of-round.
Flat engine: An engine where opposite cylinders are 180 degrees apart. This engine type is found on the following: VW Beetle, Corvair, Porsche six-cylinder, Subaru "quadrazontal," and BMW motorcycle engines.
Flat key: A small bar of any length but its width is greater than its height.
Flat rate manual: A listing of almost every job that can be done on a vehicle with the time required for a mechanic to do the work. It is used in service shops to determine labor charges. If a mechanic completes the job before the flat rate time, the customer is still charged the flat rate time. If he exceeds the flat rate time, the customer is not charged for straight time, but the lower flat rate time.
Flat spot: Refers to a spot during an acceleration period where the engine seems to lose power for a moment and will then begin to pull again.
Flat spring: A long bar that is bent in the middle. When pressure is applied to the outside ends, the middle flexes.
Flathead: An engine with all the valves in the block on one side of the cylinder. Also called "L-head" because the combustion chamber is L-shaped.
Float: A hollow tank which is more buoyant than the liquid in which it is immersed. In a carburetor it operates the valve (needle and seat) which controls the amount of fuel entering the carburetor. In the fuel tank, it indicates the amount of fuel. Also see valve float.
Float bowl: That part of a carburetor that acts as a reservoir for gasoline and in which the float is placed. The float controls the amount of fuel moving through the fuel valve.
Float level: 1. Height of the fuel in the carburetor float bowl. 2. The specific float setting that will produce the correct fuel level.
Floating piston pin: A piston pin which is not locked in the connecting rod or the piston, but is free to turn or oscillate in both the connecting rod and the piston.
Flooding: A condition where the fuel mixture is overly rich or an excessive amount has reached the cylinders. Starting will be difficult and sometimes impossible until the condition is corrected.
Floor: A verb meaning to push the accelerator as far as it will go (i.e., to the floor).
Floor shift: When the shifting lever is placed in a car, it usually occupies one of three primary positions: the dash (usually a push-button arrangement); the steering column; and on the center column between the driver and front seat passenger. Also see gearshift.
Floorboard: The floor of the car under the instrument panel.
Flow-through ventilation: A system which allows (or even forces) outside air into the passenger compartment through the dash and leaves through openings in one of the pillars (usually the C-pillar) or rear quarter panels.
Fluid: See brake fluid, transmission fluid, and windshield washer fluid.
Fluid coupling: On a manual transmission, there is a mechanical connection between the engine and transmission through the clutch. On an automatic transmission a fluid coupling provides a viscous fluid to connect the engine output and the transmission. It transfers engine torque to the transmission input shaft through the use of two units with vanes (called a "torus") operating very close together in a bath of oil. The engine drives one torus causing it to throw oil outward and into the other torus which then begins to turn the transmission input shaft. A fluid coupling cannot increase torque above that produced by the crankshaft. Buick's Dynaflow is an example of this kind of coupling.
Flushing: See Brake flushing and "
Flushing the brakes: See brake flushing.
Flushing the cooling system: The process of circulating water through the cooling system to remove old coolant along with any dirt or rust. Backflushing means circulating the water from the engine to the radiator (reversing the normal direction of flow) in order to clean the system more efficiently. Also see reverse flush.
Flute: A groove in a cutting tool that forms a passageway for the exit of chips removed during the cutting process.
Flutter: The rapid movement of engine valves. See bounce.
Flux: 1. The lines of magnetic force moving through a magnetic field. 2. An ingredient placed on metal being soldered or brazed, to remove and prevent the formation of surface oxidization which would make soldering or brazing difficult.
Flyweights: Special weights which react to centrifugal force to provide automatic control of other mechanisms such as accelerators or valves.
Flywheel: A relatively large and heavy wheel that is attached to the back of the crankshaft to smooth out the firing impulses. It provides inertia to keep the crankshaft turning smoothly during the periods when no power is being applied. It also forms a base for the starter ring gear and, in manual transmission, for the clutch assembly. Also called "engine flywheel."
Flywheel ring gear: A gear on the outer circumference of the flywheel. The starter drive gear engages the ring gear and cranks the engine.
FN (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Fob: A device to hold keys; sometimes called a "key fob."
Fog coat: A fully reduced (thinned) paint that is sprayed at higher than normal air pressure or with the gun held at a greater distance than normal from the work. The object is to obtain a fast flash-off (evaporation) of thinner with minimum penetration of thinner into the old paint.
Foil: See air foil.
Follower: See cam follower.
Fomoco: Abbreviation for "Ford Motor Co."
Foot-pound (ft-lb): A measurement of the work involved in lifting one pound one foot. In tightening, it is one pound pull one foot from the center of an object. Torque, or the twisting motion of an engine, is expressed in terms of foot-pounds at a certain rpm.
Force: A push or a pull, it causes objects to change their motion. It is a vector quantity, with a particular direction and forces must be combined with special vector rules. Also see centrifugal force.
Force-fit: See drive fit.
Ford Mustang GT/GTA V-8 (1965-67): A milestone car
Ford Mustang Boss 302/Mach 1 (1969-70): A milestone car
Ford Crestline Skyliner (1954): A milestone car
Ford Skyliner Retractable (1957-59): A milestone car
Ford Crown Vic Skyliner (1955-56): A milestone car
Ford Sportsman (1946-48): A milestone car
Ford Thunderbird (1955-57, 1958-60): A milestone car
Fordism: The Encyclopedia Britannica first called the process of mass production by this name. However, mass production simply evolved in almost every industry at the beginning of the 20th century.
Fordor: A word coined by Ford for a 4-door sedan.
Forge: To force a piece of hot metal into the desired shape by hammering it. Also see drop forged.
Fork: 1. the part of the bicycle frame that fits inside the head tube and holds the front wheel. Generally called the front fork. 2. The part of the bicycle frame where chainstays and seatstays join to hold the rear axle. 3. Shifting devices that are U-shaped and move gears back and forth on the shaft. See shift forks.
Fork blades: The parallel curved tubes that hold the front wheel of a bicycle.
Fork crown: The horizontal piece on the upper part of the front fork to which the fork blades attach on a bicycle.
Fork rake: On a bicycle, the shortest distance between the front axle and an imaginary line extending through the head tube downward toward the ground.
Fork tips: The slotted tips of the fork blades into which the front wheel axle fits on a bicycle.
Forty-nine state car: See "Federal version"
Forward brake shoe: See primary forward brake shoe.
Four banger: Four cylinder engine.
Four-barrel carburetor: A carburetor with four barrels that work like dual carburetors, with the second carburetor (third and fourth barrels) cutting in only at high speeds. Usually found on large V-8 engines. Also see double-barrel carburetor and single-barrel carburetor.
Four color: Abbreviated "4/C" usually referring to color photographs or slides. A term used in classified advertisements to indicate the availability of pictures of a vehicle.
Four-cycle engine: See "four-stroke cycle engine."
Four-on-the-floor: A four-speed manual transmission with floor mounted shift.
Four-speed: A transmission which has four forward gears.
Four-stroke cycle engine: An engine requiring two complete revolutions of the crankshaft to fire each piston once. The first stroke down (intake stroke) pulls fuel and air into the combustion chamber. The second stroke up (compression stroke) compresses the mixture. The third stroke down (power stroke) comes about through the rapid burning of the compressed fuel mixture. The fourth stroke up (exhaust stroke) expels the exhaust gases from the cylinder. It is also called the "Otto cycle."
Four-stroke power cycle: See "four-stroke cycle engine."
Four-wheel alignment: See alignment.
Four-wheel drive: A type of drive system in which both front wheels are connected to its own differential and axles, and both back wheels are connected to its own differential and axles. Between these two differentials there is a transfer case which allows you, in the case of part-time four wheel drive, to switch between two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive. In full-time four-wheel drive power is sent to both differentials.
Four-wheel steering: A vehicle where the rear wheels turn when the front wheels turn to give a sharper and more accurate turn.
Frame: The structural load-carrying members of a car that support the engine and body and are in turn supported by the wheels of the car. Also see backbone frame, ladder frame, ladies' frame, mixte frame, space frame, and sub frame.
Franklin (All models except 1933-34 Olympic Six) (1925-1948): A classic car
Frazer Manhattan (1947-50): A milestone car
Frazer Nash (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Free electrons: Electrons in the outer orbits around the nucleus of the atom. They can be moved out of orbit comparatively easy.
Free pedal play: The distance the clutch pedal can be depressed before it begins to disengage the clutch. Generally about 19-25 mm (0.5-1 inch) free pedal play is normal to be sure that slight resting of the foot on the pedal will not disengage the clutch. Without free pedal play, the throw-out bearings and the clutch might wear out.
Free travel: See clutch pedal free travel.
Freewheel: 1. Usually refers to the action of a car on a downgrade when the overdrive over-running clutch is slipping with a resultant loss of engine braking. This condition will occur only after the overdrive unit is engaged but before the balk ring has activated the planetary gearset. 2. The removable cluster of gears at the rear wheel of a bicycle. Usually there are five or more gears. It also contains a ratcheting mechanism inside that allows the wheel to rotate forward while the pedals, chain, and gear sprockets remain still or move in reverse. The rear derailleur moves the chain from one gear to the other to change the gear ratio. The other end of the chain wraps around the chainwheel.
Freewheeling: Illegal coasting by putting the transmission in neutral or disengaging the clutch.
Freeze: See Antifreeze
Freeze plug: See expansion plug.
Freezing: When two parts that are rubbing together heat up and force the lubricant out of the area, they will gall and finally freeze or stick together.
Freon-12: A gas used as the cooling medium in air conditioning and refrigeration systems.
Frequency Modulation: A term used to describe a type of radio frequency. Also see AM/FM.
Friction: The resistance to movement between any two objects when placed in contact with each other. Heat is generated when friction takes place. Friction is not constant but depends on the type of surface, pressure holding the two objects together, etc. Lubrication like oil, grease, and other materials like graphite reduce friction. Also see anti-friction bearing and coefficient of friction.
Friction bearing: A bearing made of babbitt, bronze, etc. There are no moving parts and the shaft that rests in the bearing merely rubs against the friction material in the bearing. Also see anti-friction bearing
Friction disc: See clutch disc.
Friction drive: A method of power transmission used on early cars where power is transmitted from a driving to a driven wheel by means of pressing one wheel against another at a right angle.
Friction horsepower: The amount of power consumed by an engine in driving itself. It includes the power absorbed in mechanical friction and in driving auxiliaries plus, in the case of four-stroke engines, some pumping power.
Friction modifier: A substance which enhances the ability of oil to remain slippery. In most SH and SJ series oil, friction modifiers have been added to improve engine starting and prolong engine life. However, in engines with a wet clutch (i.e., the engine oil lubricates the clutch plates) such as motorcycle engines, oils with friction modifiers can cause the clutch to slip and may force the premature replacement of the clutch plates.
Friction shifters: Conventional (non-index) levers of a bicycle that retain their position through the use of friction washers.
Front-end alignment: See alignment.
Front fork: See "fork."
Front suspension: See independent front suspension.
Front triangle: Actually a quadrilateral with one short side, it is the section of a bicycle frame that consists of the head tube, the top tube, the seat tube, and the down tube. Also called "main triangle."
Front-wheel drive: A vehicle that is pulled by its front wheels rather than being pushed by its rear wheels. The driveshaft and center floor hump is eliminated in front-wheel drive cars. The engine is located over the driving wheels so that it gains better traction in snow. Wear on the front tires can be severe.
Fuel: One of the essential factors in a combustion engine (Fuel, Air, Proper proportion of mixture, Compression, Timing, Spark).
Fuel-air mixture: A combination of vaporized fuel and air which is brought into the cylinder through the carburetor or fuel injectors. When it is compressed and ignited, it produces the power needed to drive the engine.
Fuel-air ratio: This is the reciprocal of the air-fuel ratio
Fuel burner: Competition car with an engine set up to burn alcohol, nitro, etc. Mixture instead of standard pump gasoline. Also called "fueller."
Fuel economy: The number of liters used per 100 kilometers of driving (a lower number is better); or the number of miles driven divided by the number of gallons used (a higher number is better).
Fuel filter: A device that removes impurities from the fuel before it gets to the carburetor. It is usually found near the carburetor in the fuel line that comes from the fuel pump (in-line fuel filter), or inside the carburetor or fuel pump (integral fuel filter). This unit must be cleaned or replaced on a regular basis, usually once a year or it will become clogged and restrict fuel to the carburetor. Without a filter, the jets and orifices in the carburetor will become clogged.
Fuel injection (FI): A fuel system that uses no carburetor but sprays fuel either directly into the cylinders or into the intake manifold just ahead of the cylinders. It uses an electronic sensing device to deliver the correct amount into the combustion chamber.
Fuel injector nozzle: The device that works like a hypodermic needle to inject the proper amount of fuel into the combustion chamber in response to signals from an electronic sensing device on cars with fuel injection systems. Also called "fuel injector valve."
Fuel injector valve: See "fuel injector nozzle."
Fuel knock: See detonation.
Fuel line: The hose or pipe through which the fuel passes from the fuel tank to the fuel pump to the carburetor or fuel injector.
Fuel mixture: A mixture of gasoline and air. An average mixture, by weight, would contain 16 parts of air to one part of gasoline.
Fuel pump: A vacuum device, operated either mechanically or electrically, that is used to draw gasoline from the tank and sends it into the carburetor or fuel injector nozzles. Mechanical pumps have a rocker arm that is activated by a cam on the camshaft; the arm causes a diaphragm to move up and down, thus pulling the gas through the pump. Some electrical pumps have a rocker arm which is activated electrically and does the same thing as the mechanical pump. Other electrical pumps are located at the bottom of the fuel tank and push the fuel through the fuel lines.
Fuel system: A system that stores, cleans, and delivers the fuel to the engine in proper quantities to meet the varying needs that arise as you drive. It is made up of the fuel tank, fuel lines, fuel pump, fuel filter, and carburetor or the fuel injection system.
Fuel tank: The storage compartment, under the trunk in most cars, that holds the fuel for the car. Also called the "gas tank."
Fuelie: Fuel-injected car.
Fueller: See "fuel burner."
Fulcrum: The support on which a lever pivots in raising an object.
Full-floating axle: A rear drive axle that does not hold the wheel on nor does it hold the wheel in line or support any weight. It merely drives the wheel. Used primarily on racing cars and trucks. Also see axle
Full-flow filter: See "full-flow oil filter."
Full-flow oil filter: An oil filter that filters all of the oil passing through the engine before it reaches the bearings.
Full house: An engine that is fully modified and equipped for all-out performance.
Full-wave rectifier: See rectifier
Funny car: A car equipped with a powerful' engine, used for drag racing. Usually has special body (such as fibre glass) mounted on special lightweight frame and suspension system.
Fuse: A protective device that will break or melt when current draw exceeds the capacity of the fuse. In this way, the circuit is protected from overload.
Fusion: Two metals reaching the melting point and lowing or welding themselves together.
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Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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21.07.2006 at 13:31 |
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fire83
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mõiste, sõnavara, sõnastik, termin, inglise keel
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Gallery: See oil gallery.
Gallon: A US gallon (3.785 liters) is 20% smaller than an Imperial gallon (4.546 liters).
Galvanometer: An instrument used to measure the pressure, amount of, and direction of an electric current.
Gap: 1. The distance between the center terminal (electrode) and the outer terminal (electrode) through which the spark must travel in a sparkplug. Also see spark plug gap and air gap. 2. The distance between the points in contact breaker points. See point gap. 3. The distance between two vehicles travelling down the road as they go in the same direction. Generally a safe distance is a minimum of two seconds behind the vehicle in front. 4. The distance between the two ends of piston rings. See piston ring end gap.
Gapper: See feeler gauge.
Gapping: Adjusting the distance between the electrodes of a spark plug or the points of contact breaker points. Also see plug gapping.
Gas: 1. A non-solid material. It can be compressed. When heated, it will expand; and when cooled, it will contract. (Such as air.) 2. A common term for gasoline. 3. A term for LPG or propane. Also see bottled gas. 3. A term referring to the exhaust gases. See exhaust gases and exhaust emissions.
Gas burner: Competition car with engine set up to operate on standard pump gasoline instead of an alcohol, nitro, etc., mixture. Also called "gasser."
Gas filter: See fuel filter.
Gas gauge: An instrument, usually located on the dashboard or center console, which indicates the amount of fuel in the fuel tank. Most gauges have a needle which fluctuates between "E" (empty) and "F" (full). Others show a digital readout of how many gallons or liters left in the tank.
Gas pedal: See accelerator
Gas tank: See fuel tank.
Gasket: A material made of asbestos, cardboard, cork, paper, rubber, or soft metal placed between two metal parts to insure proper sealing. See base gasket, blown head gasket, and head gasket
Gasohol: A blend of gasoline and ethanol alcohol that usually is 90% gasoline and 10% ethanol. Ethanol is the alcohol found in intoxicating beverages. It may attack rubber and plastic parts of fuel systems not designed to handle alcohol-blended fuels, but it is not poisonous to human beings like wood alcohol or methanol
Gasoline: A hydrocarbon fuel used in the internal combustion engine. Also see ethyl gasoline, oxygenated gasolines, and reformulated gasolines.
Gasser: See "gas burner."
Gassing: The small hydrogen bubbles rising to the top of the battery electrolyte during battery charging.
Gate: *
Gauge: 1. An instrument that registers the quantity of a substance, e.g., fuel gauge, ammeter, voltmeter, oil pressure gauge, vacuum gauge. 2. A tool for measuring clearances, pressures, sizes, etc. See B & S gauge, compression gauge, dial gauge, feeler gauge, "gas gauge," oil gauge, and vacuum gauge.
Gaylord (1955-57): A milestone car
Gear: Wheel-like part with teeth cut into the rim. When one gear meshes with another gear, it causes the second gear to drive the other and in this way transmits power. When the gears are different sizes (different number of teeth on each gear) the mechanical average is changed. Also see axle end gears, bevel gear, camshaft gear, cluster gear, constant mesh gears, crankshaft gear, flywheel ring gear, helical gear, herringbone gears, high gear, hypoid gear, idler gear, intermediate gear, low gear, ring gear, passing gear, planet gears, reverse idler gear, ring gear, sliding gear, spider gear, spiral bevel gear, spur gear, steering gear, straight-cut gear, sun gear, timing gears, wide-step gearing, and worm gear.
Gear grease: A heavy liquid grease that fills the differential and manual transmission to lubricate the gears. Also called "differential grease."
Gear oil: A heavy oil which is rated at 80 to 100 weight viscosity used in enclosed units containing gears. This oil infrequently or rarely needs changing.
Gear ratio: The relationship between the number of turns made by a driving gear to complete one full turn of the driven gear. If the driving gear turns four times to turn the driven gear once, the gear ratio would be 4 to 1. In most instances, the gear ratio is not even like 4:1 because the same teeth would be meshing with each other. Thus a ratio of 4.11:1, for instance, means that a particular tooth on one gear may eventually mesh with every one of the teeth on the other gear.
Gear selector: See "gearshift."
Gearbox: The device in the drivetrain consisting of an input shaft, a system of gears, and an output shaft that multiplies engine torque. A manual transmission consists of a clutch assembly plus a gearbox; and automatic transmission generally consists of a torque converter plus gearbox. Also see constant mesh gearbox, planetary gearset , and rack and pinion gearbox.
Gearing: See Alpine gearing and half-step gearing
Gearshift: A device which allows the operator to move the transmission gears into various configurations. Most often the gearshift is located on a lever on the steering column or on a lever on the floor between the driver and front passenger. Some older Chryslers had push-button controls on the dash.
Gel coat: A thin layer of plastic resin covering fiberglass panels.
Generator: An electromagnetic device for producing direct current electricity. It was replaced by an alternator in the early '60s. Its problem was that it recharged the battery only at high speeds. Also called a "dynamo." Also see alternator.
Gib-head key: A special bar of any length like a flat key or square key, but one end is specially shaped to prevent the key from going all the way through.
Girl's bike: See ladies' frame.
Giuletta: See Alfa Romeo Giuletta Spider (1956-64) and Alfa Romeo Giuletta/Giulia Sprint Speciale (1959-61)
Giulia: See Alfa Romeo Giuletta/Giulia Sprint Speciale (1959-61)
Glass pack muffler: A straight through (no baffles) muffler using fibre glass packing around a perforated pipe to deaden exhaust sound.
Glaze: A highly smooth, glossy finish on the cylinder walls. As the piston rings rub up and down the cylinder, the rings polish the cylinder wall. Cylinder wall glazing reduces sealing efficiency. The only cure is to have the cylinder deglazed.
Glaze breaker: An abrasive tool used to remove the glaze from cylinder walls prior to the installation of new piston rings. Also called "deglazer."
Glazing: Use of special putty to fill minor imperfections when doing body repair. Also see spot glazing.
Gloss: The ability of a paint to reflect images when polished.
Glow plug: An electrical element located in the combustion chamber of a diesel engine which helps to heat up the air in the chamber so that the diesel will be ignited more quickly. Often they are connected in series so that when one becomes defective the others are inoperative.
Glycol: See ethylene glycol and antifreeze.
Glycotes: See poly-glycotes.
Good will warranty: See warranty.
Governor: A device designed to automatically control the speed or position of some part. Governors are used to prevent an engine from exceeding its maximum rpms. They are also used on rental vehicles to prevent operators from speeding.
Graham-Paige (Custom body only) (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Granny gear: Colloquial term for the tiny inner chainring on a triple chainring crankset of a bicycle. Needed for climbing steep hills especially with a loaded bicycle.
Gravity The attractive force exerted by one body on another. All bodies which have mass have this property. Also see specific gravity.
Gravity, center: See Center of gravity.
Grease: See "gear grease" and lube grease.
Grease fitting: A device that seals in and allows the addition of more grease, or some other type of lubricant, to cushion two moving parts, allow them to move freely, and prevent them from wearing each other away. Found on ball joints, steering knuckles, tie-rod ends. Also called "zerk fitting."
Grease gun: A device that can be loaded with grease and used for lubricating the grease fittings on a vehicle. Adapters can be attached to the grease gun so that grease can be forced even into sealed bearings.
Grease pencil: *
Grease seal: A circular metal disk covered in rubber or plastic with a center hole, an edge on the outside circumference, and another edge on the center hole with a spring to retain tension on the shaft that fits into the hole. It is used to keep grease and oil from leaking out and protects bearings from dirt and water. Also called "Oil seal."
Greenhouse: The glass area of a car or truck.
Grid: The lead screen or plate to which the battery plate active material is attached.
Grill: *
Grind: To remove metal from an object by means of a revolving abrasive wheel, disc, or belt. Also see valve grinding and valve seat grinding.
Grinder: A device to remove metal from an object. See brake shoe grinder.
Ground: Terminal of battery that is connected to the metal framework of the car so that the frame acts as a conductor of electricity. In North America, the negative terminal is grounded. In British terms, it is called "Earth."
Ground wire: * In British terms, it is called "earth wire."
Growler: An instrument used in testing starters and generator armatures.
Guarantee: A promise by the manufacturer to fix or replace a specific part if it does not last for a specific time period or distance.
Gudgeon pin: British term for piston or wrist pin.
Guide: See valve guide.
Gum: Oxidized portions of the fuel that form deposits in the fuel system or engine parts.
Gun: See "grease gun."
Gut: To strip the interior of the car. May also refer to removing the internal baffles from a muffler.
Gutted muffler: A muffler with no silencing baffles. Makes a very loud sound.
____________________________
Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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Half link: Every chain has rollers which are connected by side plates or keepers. When counting the number of links in a length of chain, it is easiest to count the number of side plates on one side of the chain and multiplying the number by two. When a chain needs to be an odd number, a half link is included. The term "half link" is a misnomer. It should be called a single link. The side plate on a half link is not flat but has a step down shape.
Half-moon key: A driving key serving the same purpose as the regular key but it is shaped somewhat like a half circle. Also called a "Woodruff key."
Half shaft: A rotating shaft that transmits power from the final drive unit to the drive wheels, but usually refers to the two shafts that connect the road wheels to the final drive with independent rear suspension or front-wheel drive as opposed to the axle shafts of a live rear axle.
Half-step gearing: A gearing system of a bicycle in which a shift between chainrings in a double chainring set is equivalent to half a gear step on the freewheel.
Half-wave rectifier: See Rectifier
Harden: See case harden.
Hardener: Chemical added to plastic filler to induce hardening as used in auto body repair.
Hardness: See Rockwell hardness.
Hardtop: A two-door or four-door vehicle without a center door post, i.e., no B pillar. It gives the impression of uninterrupted glass along the side of the car. The term is derived from "hardtop convertible."
Harmonic balancer: Also called vibration damper. It usually is a solid crankshaft fan belt pulley that has a weight ring bonded by rubber to the inner crankshaft-mounted ring. The outer ring absorbs and cancels out crankshaft vibrations that otherwise might cause the crankshaft to break. Also see crankshaft pulley and damper
Hatch: The rear opening of a vehicle which allows passage into its cab
Hatchback: A car design in which the rear trunk and lid are replaced by a rear hatch that includes the backlight (i.e., rear window). Usually the rear seat folds down to accommodate more luggage.
Head: A part of the engine which covers the piston and creates the combustion chamber. See cylinder head, "high compression head", piston head., and T-head
Head gasket: The gasket at the top of the cylinder and sits between the cylinder and the head. It keeps the coolant out of the cylinders and retains compression in the cylinder. Also see blown head gasket.
Head restraint: An extension on the upper portion of the seatback. Some are permanently attached and other are adjustable. They are designed to reduce whiplash injuries caused by sudden stopping or collisions. They limit the rearward motion of the head and neck. Some head restraints contain radio speakers.
Headers: Special exhaust manifolds that replace the stock manifold. They are designed with smooth flowing lines to prevent back pressure caused by sharp bends, rough castings, etc. Also see exhaust manifold.
Headlight: See "high beam" and sealed beam headlight.
Headliners: Fabric or vinyl upholstery on the interior of the roof of a car.
Heads up display: A system of mounting gauges so that the read-out is shown on the windshield. In this way the driver does not have to take his eyes off the road to see how his car is performing. Abbreviated: HUD.
Headset: On a bicycle, the combination of cups, cones, and ball bearings that creates the bearing mechanism that allows the fork column to rotate inside the head tube.
Head tube: The shortest tube in the main triangle of a bicycle, the one inside of which the fork column rotates.
Healey: See Austin Healey
Healey Silverstone (1949-50): A milestone car
Heat: That which increases the internal energy of a body. This causes a change in temperature, volume, or state of the body.
Heat control valve: See manifold heat control valve.
Heat crossover: A passage from one exhaust manifold up, over, and under the carburetor and on to the other manifold. Usually found on V-8 or V-6 engines. This crossover provides heat to the carburetor during engine warmup.
Heat exchanger: A device, such as a radiator, used either to cool or heat by transferring heat from one object to another.
Heat range: Refers to the operating temperature of a given style of spark plug. Plugs are made to operate at different temperatures depending upon the thickness and length of the porcelain insulator as measured from the sealing ring down to the tip. In this way it transfers heat from the combustion chamber to the cylinder head. The speed at which it transfers heat is considered in terms of hot and cold plugs. A hot plug transfers heat slowly, causing the plug to operate at a higher temperature. A cold plug transfers heat more quickly, thus operating at a lower temperature. If a plug is too cold, it will foul. If it is too hot, it will cause pre-ignition.
Heat riser: An area, surrounding a portion of the intake manifold, through which exhaust gases can pass to heat the fuel mixture during warmup.
Heat treatment: A combination of heating and cooling operations timed and applied to a metal in a solid state in a way that will produce desired properties.
Heat-control valve: A valve which is controlled by temperature changes. When the ambient temperature is cold or the engine has not warmed up, it is closed so that some of the hot exhaust gases passes by the intake manifold to pre-heat the fuel mixture going to the cylinders. As the engine warms up, the valve opens up and no exhaust gases pass by the intake manifold. If the valve does not operate properly, the engine has difficulty in start up or the fuel may cause vapor locking.
Heated intake: A device that helps to vaporize the gasoline in a cold engine. The thermostat in the air cleaner horn is connected to the outside of the exhaust manifold. When the engine is cold, the thermostat closes a damper in the air cleaner horn so that air going to the carburetor does not come through the open end of the horn. Instead the air comes from above the hot exhaust manifold. As the engine warms up, the thermostat opens the damper so that air is taken in from the end of the horn.
Heater: * Also see block heater.
Heel: 1. The end of the brake shoe which rests against the anchor pin. See rake shoe heel. 2. The wide end of a tapered gear tooth such as found in the differential gears. See tooth heel.
Heel and toe: A driving technique where the driver places the left side or the toes of his right foot on the brake pedal and the right side or the heel of his right foot on the throttle pedal so that he can simultaneously brake and blip the throttle for a downshift. This is done to lessen the strain on the gearbox and drivetrain and makes for smoother driving.
Helical: A spiralling shape such as that made by a coil spring.
Helical gear: A gear that has the teeth cut at an angle to the center line of the gear. This kind of gear is useful because there is no chance of intermittent tooth-to-tooth operation because there are at least two teeth engaged at any time. Also helical gears tend to operate quieter than straight-cut gears.
Hemi: Engine using hemispherical-shaped (half of a globe or sphere) combustion chambers. The valves are cocked at 45 degrees from the piston top. Mopars, despite their fame, are not the only cars with hemi heads.
Hemispherical combustion chamber: A round, dome-shaped combustion chamber. This shape permits larger valves and straighter intake and exhaust ports for improved breathing. Its small surface area in comparison to volume reduces the amount of heat loss. It is used in high performance cars and racing engines.
Herringbone gears: Two helical gears operating together and so placed that the angle of the teeth form a "v" shape.
Hesitation: The term used to describe a problem in drivability. The engine momentarily fails to respond to a push on the accelerator. The cause is usually a lean fuel-air mixture (i.e., more air than fuel) or retarded timing.
Hex wrench: See allen wrench.
Hiding: The ability of a paint to obscure the surface to which it is applied.
High beam: All cars have at least two levels of lighting for night driving. The low beam is used when there are other vehicles approaching or when you are following another vehicle. The high beam is used when driving on poorly lit roads where there is no visible traffic. The high beam light may be an integral part of the headlight assembly or is the inboard light when there are two lamps on each side of the vehicle. When the lamps are stacked vertically, the high beam is the upper one. When the high beam switch is activated, the low beam lights may or may not be switched off. In a system with factory installed day-time running lights, the high beam light is illuminated at a lower intensity.
High compression head: A cylinder head with a smaller combustion chamber area thereby raising the compression. The head can be custom built or can be a stock head milled (cut) down.
High gear: The top gear or the cruising gear of a transmission. It is usually the highest number, i.e., fifth gear of a 5-speed transmission.
High lift rocker arms: Custom rocker arms designed so that a standard lift of the push rod will depress or open the valve somewhat more than the stock lifter.
High tension leads: High voltage from the ignition coil. May also indicate the secondary wire from the coil to the distributor and wires from the distributor to the spark plugs.
High-rise manifold: An intake manifold designed to mount the carburetor or carburetors, considerably higher above the engine than is done in the standard manifold. This is done to improve the angle at which the fuel is delivered.
High-tension leads: The wire which goes from the coil to the distributor and the wires which go from the distributor to each of the spark plugs.
Hispano Suiza (1925-1948): A classic car
Hold-down clamp: See distributor hold-down clamp.
Hone: 1. To remove metal with a fine grit abrasive stone in order to meet precise tolerances. 2. The device or tool which is rotated in a cylinder to remove slight imperfections in the wall of the cylinder. See cylinder hone.
Hood: The part of the car body which covers the top of the engine in front engine vehicles. In mid-engine cars the panel which conceals the engine is called the "engine cover" or "access panel." In rear-engine cars the panel which conceals the engine is called a "deck lid."
Hood pins: Pins designed to hold a hood closed.
Hooke joint: See Cardan joint.
Hooke universal: See Cardan joint.
Hooks: The curved, dropped sections of a set of turned-down handlebars of a bicycle.
Hooped: A colloquial expression meaning damaged or out of order as in "Your engine is hooped."
Hop: See wheel hop.
Hopping up: Increasing engine performance through various modifications.
Horch (1925-1948): A classic car
Horizontally opposed engine: An engine possessing two banks of cylinders that are placed flat or 180 degrees apart. Also see flat engine.
Horn: A device for sounding an alarm. On some entry level vehicles, a single horn makes a high pitch beep. On more expensive vehicles, the sound is made with two or more horns. The sound is made by an electrical charge which activates and deactivates a coil. The sound is then magnified by the shape of the horn. Large truck horns make a very loud noise because the sound is made by passing compressed air through the sounding device. A claxton horn makes a sound that resembles the word "Ahoogah." Also see air cleaner horn or air horn.
Horsepower: A measurement of the engine's ability to perform work. One horsepower is defined as the ability to lift 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute. To find horsepower, the total rate of work in foot pounds accomplished is divided by 33,000. If a machine was lifting 100 pounds 660 feet per minute, its total rate of work would be 66,000 foot pounds. Dividing this by 33,000 foot pounds 11 horsepower) you find that the machine is rated as 2 horsepower (HP). In metric terms, it is the ability to raise 250 kilograms a distance of 30 centimeters in one second. It is also equal to 746 watts. See brake horsepower, friction horsepower, indicated horsepower, S.A.E. horsepower, and S.A.E. net horsepower.
Horsepower-weight factor: The relationship between the total weight of the car and the horsepower available. By dividing the weight by the horsepower, the number of pounds to be moved by one horsepower is determined. This factor has a great effect on acceleration, gas mileage, and all around performance.
Hose: *
Hose clamps: Adjustable metal rings placed around a hose where it connects to another part, to prevent leaks and to keep the hose in place.
Hot spot: 1. Refers to a comparatively thin section or area of the wall between the inlet and exhaust manifold of an engine, the purpose being to allow the hot exhaust gases to heat the comparatively cool incoming mixture. 2. Also used to designate local areas of the cooling system which have above average temperature.
Hotchkiss (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Hotchkiss drive: The method of connecting the transmission output shaft to the differential pinion by using open drive shafts. The driving force of the rear wheels is transmitted to the frame through the rear springs or through link arms connecting the rear axle housing to of the car. Combines both steering axis and camber angles.
Housing: See bell housing and clutch housing.
Hovercraft: A ground vehicle that is supported by a cushion of air to reduce friction. As well as travelling on the land, hovercraft can travel on the sea or swampy terrain.
Hub: On a bicycle, the center of a wheel consisting of a shell to which spokes attach and contains an axle along with two sets of bearings, bearing cones, lockwasher, locknuts, and parts for attaching the wheel to the frame. Also see safety hubs.
Hub brake: Any type of brake (disc, drum, or coaster) that operates through the wheel hub rather than the rim.
Hub cap: The cap that fits over the end of the wheel spindle to keep dust and water away from the wheel bearings and brakes. It is often a styling feature, but it also acts as a good container for keeping the lug nuts from being lost when changing tires. When a vehicle becomes stuck in the snow, it can also be used as a temporary shovel.
HUD: An acrostic for "heads up display" which is a system of mounting gauges so that the read-out is shown on the windshield. In this way the driver does not have to take his eyes off the road to see how his car is performing.
Hudson (1929 Series L): A classic car
Hudson (All) (1948-49): A milestone car
Hudson Hornet (1951-54): A milestone car
Humber (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Hydraulic: When a quantity of water, oil, or other fluid is forced along one end of a line, it also forces against the other end of the line. Because these fluids (unlike a gas) cannot be compressed, when they are forced into a smaller cylinder they multiply the amount of force. Thus a driver can apply a small amount of force on the pedal or lever and a great amount of force is applied to the brake. Used in power steering, clutches, and brake systems.
Hydraulic: When used as a verb, it means that oil or excessive gasoline has entered the combustion chamber so that when compression takes place, the fluid cannot be compressed. Something has to give and it is usually the connecting rod that bends. It is found in the expression, "the engine hydrauliced."
Hydraulic assisted brakes: See brake booster.
Hydraulic jack: A device used to lift a car by using hydraulic pressure.
Hydraulic valve lifter: A lifter that uses hydraulic oil pressure to maintain no clearance between metal parts so that valve noise is reduced. Also it reduces wear on the valves and eliminates periodic valve adjustments.
Hydraulics: The study of pressure and flow in liquids. A hydraulic jack uses oil under high pressure to lift large objects more easily.
Hydrocarbon (HC): A compound made up of hydrogen and carbon (e.g., gasoline, petroleum products, etc.). Hydrocarbons are also found when gasoline is burned in an engine and thus produce visible smog even though hydrocarbons make up only 0.1% of emissions
Hydrocarbon engine: An engine using petroleum products, such as gas, liquefied gas, gasoline, kerosene, or fuel oil as a fuel.
Hydro-electric power: Electricity produced by using the kinetic energy of water.
Hydrofoil: A vessel which skims the surface of the water and the shaped pieces on the bottom of the vessel which act like "water wings" to give it lift.
Hydrometer: A device to determine the weight of a liquid. It is used to test battery electrolyte and the percentage of coolant in the cooling system.
Hydroplaning: A phenomenon of driving when water builds up under the tire tread, casusing it to lose contact with the road. Slowing down will usually restore normal tire contact with the road.
Hydropneumatic suspension: A suspension system which uses a gas and a liquid which are separated by a flexible bladder. The setup causes the suspension to maintain a preset height. Used in Citroën cars.
Hypoid gear: A type of spiral bevel gear in which the drive pinion shaft is located below the center of the ring gear. This setup is used to lower the height of the drive shaft and thus lower the floor of the car.
____________________________
Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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Icing: A condition where ice forms at the edge of the carburetor throttle plate. It restricts the flow of the fuel-air mixture when the throttle butterfly is at or near the idle position. It causes the engine to stall. Ice forms because of rapid vaporization of the fuel lowers the temperature of the mixture and causes the moisture in the air to freeze. It can occur when the temperature is between -2 to 13°C (28 to 55° F) and the relative humidity is above 64%. It usually occurs after the engine is started and before it has reached operating temperature. Also see carburetor icing.
Idiot lights: A popular term for the indicator lights on the dashboard which are illuminated when the vehicle is experiencing some problem such as a lack of oil, overheating, failed brakes, low fuel, etc. The alternative is to install gauges which indicate the level of fluids and temperature. A combination of both gauges and lights is ideal.
Idle: The engine speed when the car is not moving. The engine's slowest practical speed. Also see fast idle.
Idle air bleed screw: A screw found on some carburetors which allows air to enter the carburetor when the throttle is closed, so that the car can idle. It also prevents the formation of deposits in the throttle area. The adjustment of this screw is part of a basic tune-up.
Idle circuit: At idle and low speeds, the carburetor system supplies enough fuel to the engine to keep it running. When the vehicle gets up to speed (usually about 24 kph or 15 mph) the idle circuit kicks out of operation so that fuel is supplied by the main metering system. Also called the "low-speed circuit."
Idle mixture: The mixture of air and fuel (usually about 14:1) being fed to the cylinders.
Idle mixture screw: A screw located on the outside of the carburetor which controls the proportion of the fuel-air mixture. It is now illegal to adjust these if limiter caps are present.
Idle speed: This is the speed of the engine with the following conditions: the transmission is in neutral (or park in automatic transmissions), the engine is fully warmed up, the choke butterfly is fully open, and there is no extra accessories in operation (i.e., air conditioner, radio, lights)
Idle speed screw: A screw located at the bottom of the carburetor on the outside which keeps the throttle from closing completely when the car is idling and thus controls the idle speed. This is adjusted as part of a basic tune-up
Idle stop solenoid: A small cylinder located on the outside of the carburetor on some cars. It prevents the car from continuing to idle after the ignition switch has been shut off (i.e., dieseling). The position of the striker rod in the cylinder can be adjusted in a tune-up to the correct specifications.
Idler arm: In a parallel relay-type steering linkage, it is one of the connecting levers. The steering gearbox is attached to a pitman arm which converts rotary motion to lateral motion. The pitman arm connects to a transverse centerlink which connects to the idler arm attached to the frame side rail on the opposite side of the car. The ends of the centerlink connect to two adjustable tie rods that transmit the lateral movement of the centerlink to the steering arms at each steering knuckle.
Idler gear: A gear that is placed between two other gears to reverse the direction of rotation of the output gear. Also see reverse idler gear.
Idler pulley: The pulley in a rear derailleur that stays farthest from the freewheel cogs and functions to keep tension on the chain of a bicycle.
Ignition: See autoignition, compression ignition, conventional ignition, piezoelectric ignition, and transistor ignition.
Ignition coil: A pulse transformer which is a part of the ignition system. It receives a small amount of electrical voltage from the battery and steps up the low "primary" voltage and amplifies it into a big jolt of voltage of about 20,000 volts, and sends it to the spark plugs via the distributor. It is made of two windings and a core of iron. The primary coil has about 200 turns of relatively heavy wire. The secondary windings may have as much as 22,000 windings of fine wire. As electricity travels through the primary winding, it produces a magnetic field in the coil. When the points open, the magnetic field collapses and the movement of the magnetic field induces current in the secondary windings of the coil. The voltage is stepped up in proportion to the ratio of secondary to primary turns and the distributor directs this high voltage to the spark plug. Also see exciter coil and field coil.
Ignition distributor: See distributor.
Ignition points: See breaker points.
Ignition switch: A switch that is generally operated with a key that closes and opens an electrical current to connect and disconnects the ignition system from the battery so that the engine can be started and stopped as desired. The key should not be removable when the engine is running. It usually has various positions which, besides starting the engine, allow the user to operate the accessories without engaging the engine or to check the bulbs in the warning lights on the dashboard.
Ignition system: The system that provides the electrical current or spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chambers. It includes the battery or magneto which sends electricity to the coil if the ignition switch is on. The coil amplifies the electrical charge and sends it to the distributor where it goes through the points and is modified by the condenser. The distributor sends it along the high tension lines (spark plug wires) to the spark plugs where it ignites the air-fuel mixture. Also see electronic ignition system.
Ignition timing: *
I-head engine: An engine where both intake and exhaust valves are placed directly over the piston. The cam is located in the block and the valves are activated by pushrods and rocker arms. Also called "overhead-valve engine" or "valve-in-head engine."
Imperial (1955-56): A milestone car
Imperial sedan: A drop or sliding glass partition between the driver's compartment and the tonneau is the distinguishing feature between this type and the sedan, which it resembles in all other respects. Also see Sport and Imperial phaeton.
Impeller: 1. A rotor or wheel with blades or vanes used in pumps to drive and circulate a fluid. Also see Volute. 2. The driving torus in the fluid coupling or torque converter of an automatic transmission.
Inboard brakes: Most cars have the brakes associated with the wheel. Drum brakes, for instance, are located in the wheel hub itself. Disc brakes are found attached to the wheel. However, inboard brakes are not located within the wheel. Instead, they are found attached to the differential housing or axle shaft. Thus they are generally located only on the rear of the car. Some racing cars (i.e., Formula 1) have them on the front as well. Inboard brakes mean a reduction in unsprung weight and usually better cooling.
Inclination: See kingpin inclination.
Inclined plane: A wedge used to raise a load more easily. The load moves, not the wedge.
Independent front suspension: A suspension system where the two front wheels are independent from each other. It has the advantage over a beam axle suspension because it allows the engine to be positioned further forward and lower between the wheels. In this way there is more room for the passengers, the position of the hood is lower, the car has a lower center of gravity, and the unsprung weight is reduced. When the front wheels are not independently sprung, there is some caster wobble and shimmy that make it difficult to hold on to the steering wheel. Also see "independent suspension."
Independent rear suspension: A suspension system where the two rear wheels are independent from each other. It has the advantage over a beam axle suspension because the unsprung weight is reduced, the ride and handling over rough roads are improved, and a larger trunk with a lower floor can be placed between the wheels. Also see "independent suspension."
Independent suspension: A suspension system that allows each wheel to move up and down without undue influence on the other wheels. Thus independent suspension on the rear wheels means that if only the right rear wheel hits a bump, the left rear wheel is not affected by it. Generally it is more expensive to manufacture independent suspension.
Index shifters: Bicycle levers that "click" into distinct positions that correspond to certain freewheel cogs and don't require fine-tuning after each shift.
Indicated horsepower (IHP): A measure of the power developed by the burning fuel within the cylinders.
Indicator: See dial gauge.
Induction: The imparting of electricity into one object, not connected, to another by the influence of magnetic fields. Found in automobiles in coils and solenoids. Also see ram induction.
Induction coil: See coil.
Induction system: The system that brings the fuel-air mixture to the cylinders. It includes the carburetor or fuel injection system, intake manifold, intake ports, and intake valves.
Inertia: That force which tends to keep a stationary object from being moved, and tends to keep a moving object in motion. Some effort is needed to get the object moving if it is stopped, and to stop an object if it is moving. Also see moment of inertia.
Inertia reel: Generally the seat and shoulder belts are loose so that the drive and passenger can have the freedom to move forward to adjusting the instruments on the dash, etc. However, when the car decelerates quickly, as in a crash or panic stop situation, the occupants need to be restrained by the belts. The belts are locked by the inertia reel as it senses the rapid change of deceleration.
Infinitely variable transmission: Most transmissions, whether manual or automatic have a fixed number of forward gears (from 2 to 10 or more). Belt driven vehicles (like snowmobiles) have an infinite number of positions of engagement. The infinitely variable transmission is sensitive to the changes in the throttle position and adjusts the gear ratio accordingly. In this way, the most efficient gear ratio is selected thus improving fuel economy.
Inhibitor: A substance added to oil, water, gas, etc., to prevent action such as foaming, rusting, etc.
Injection: See air injection, fuel injection, and water injection.
Injector: Refers to the pump system (used in a fuel injection system) that squirts or injects a measured amount of gasoline into the intake manifold in the vicinity of the intake valve. In the diesel engine fuel is injected directly into the cylinder.
Inlet pipe: See "intake manifold."
Inlet valve: See "intake valve."
In-line engine: An engine in which all the cylinders are arranged in a straight row. Also called a "straight engine."
In-line fuel filter: See fuel filter.
Input shaft: The shaft delivering power into a mechanism. The shaft from the clutch into the transmission is the transmission input shaft.
Insert: 1. When referring to bearings it indicates a replaceable shell-type bearing made to extremely close tolerances and generally used for main bearings and connecting rod bearings. 2. When referring to valves it indicates replaceable valve seats made of hard, heat-resisting metal that are screwed or shrunk into the cylinder head. 3. When referring to spark plugs it indicates replaceable threads which are installed into damaged spark plug holes so that spark plugs can be installed. Sometimes known by the trade name "Heli-coil."
Insert bearing: A removable, precision made bearing which insures specified clearance between bearing and shaft. Also see precision insert bearing.
Inside calipers: See calipers.
Instrument panel: See dashboard.
Insulation: 1. Any material which does not conduct electricity. It is used to prevent the flow or leakage of an electrical conductor. 2. Any material which does not readily conduct heat. Used to keep heat or cold out of something.
Insulator: A unit made of a material that will not conduct electricity. The electricity in a copper wire covered with a plastic sleeve (insulator) cannot penetrate the sleeve.
Intake: See heated intake
Intake manifold: The connecting tubes between the base of the carburetor and the port openings to the intake valves. Its purpose is to transfer the air-fuel mixture to each cylinder. Also called "inlet pipe." Also see ram intake manifold.
Intake port: The passage in the cylinder head which connects the intake manifold to the intake valve through which the fuel-air mixture proceeds on its way to the cylinders.
Intake stroke: In a four-stroke cycle engine, it is the piston's first stroke down in pulling fuel and air into the combustion chamber as it causes a partial vacuum. Also see four-stroke cycle engine.
Intake valve: The valve that opens to permit the fuel mixture into the cylinder. Also called the "inlet valve."
Integral: See "integral part of."
Integral equipment: Any device or system that is designed for a car and installed in it by the manufacturer, rather than being added on to a finished vehicle at a later date.
Integral fuel filter: See fuel filter.
Integral part of: A necessary part of something, e.g., the cam lobe is an integral part of the camshaft.
Intensify: To increase or concentrate, such as to increase the voltage of an electrical current.
Interference: See drive-fit.
Interference fit: Difference in angle between mating surfaces of a valve and a valve seat.
Intermediate gear: Any gear in the auto transmission between first and high.
Intermittent: Not constant but occurring at intervals.
Internal combustion engine: An engine that burns fuel within itself as a means of developing power. Also see external combustion engine.
Interrupter: See breaker points.
Invicta (1925-1948): A classic car
Iron: See cast iron and chilled iron.
Isotta-Fraschini (1925-1948): A classic car
Itala (1925-1948): A classic car
____________________________
Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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fire83
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Jack: 1. A device for lifting the car, or part of the car, off the ground to facilitate repairs. The most popular jacks are the bumper, tripod, scissors, and hydraulic jacks. See bumper jack, hydraulic jack, scissors jack, and tripod jack. 2. A characteristic of swing-axle rear suspensions. Cornering forces can act on these suspensions to lift the body of the car so that the outer wheel tucks or jacks under the car. When carried to the extreme, jacking forces could tip the car over.
Jack knife: *
Jack stand: A safety device that keeps the car from falling to the ground if the lifting jack is removed or faulty. Most jobs require two jack stands for safety.
Jaguar (1946-48 2.5 Litre, 3.5 Litre Mark IV, not 4-cyl.): A classic car
Jaguar XK 110 (1945-54): A milestone car
Jaguar Mark V Drophead (1951): A milestone car
Jaguar Mark VII and '54 Mark VII M (1951-54): A milestone car
Jaguar KX 140 (1954-57): A milestone car
Jaguar Mark VIII (1956-57): A milestone car
Jaguar Mark IX (1958-61): A milestone car
Jaguar Mark X (1962-64): A milestone car
Jaguar XK 150 (1958-61): A milestone car
Jaguar 3.4/3.8 Sedans (1957-64): A milestone car
Jaguar E Type (1961-67): A milestone car
Jake brake: A device which shuts off the exhaust valves manually so that in the exhaust stroke, the burned gasses cannot escape through the exhaust valves. Instead they press against the head of the piston and causes the piston to slow down. When the intake valve opens, some of the exhaust escapes out the intake valve and gives a distinctive loud rapping noise. Jake brakes are used in large truck engines to assist in slowing the vehicle. Many municipal bylaws prohibit the use of jake brakes because of the excessive noise.
Jacket: See water jacket.
Jensen (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Jerry rigged: A corruption of the term "jury rigged."
Jet: See compensating jet and metering jet.
Jockey pulley: On a bicycle, the pulley in a rear derailleur that stays closest to the freewheel cogs and guides the chain from cog to cog during a gear shift.
Joint: See ball joint, ball joint rocker arm, ball joint steering knuckle, Cardan joint, constant velocity joint, slip joint, splined joint, and universal joint.
Jordan (Speedway Series 'Z' only) (1925-1948): A classic car
Joule: The international unit of measurement of energy, work, and heat. One joule equals the work done when a force of 1 newton moves a body 1 meter.
Jounce: *
Jounce bumpers: See bump stop.
Journal: That part of a shaft that is prepared to accept a bearing. The area on the crankshaft that fits into the lower portion of the connecting rod. A layer of oil and metal bering cushions the impact during the power stroke to prevent the crankshaft from being crushed by the swiftly descending piston and connecting rod.
Juice brakes: See Hydraulic brakes.
Julian (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Jump spark: A high tension electrical current which jumps through the air from one terminal to the other.
Jump start: The act of using jumper cables to start a disabled car.
Jumper cables: Cables used to start a disabled car by conducting electrical current from the battery of one car to another so that the disabled car can be started and begin to generate it own power.
Jury rigged: *
____________________________
Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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fire83
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mõiste, sõnavara, sõnastik, termin, inglise keel
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Kaiser Darrin 161 (1954): A milestone car
Kaiser Deluxe/Deluxe Virginian (1951-52): A milestone car
Kaiser Dragon (1951-53): A milestone car
Kaiser Manhattan (1954-55): A milestone car
Kaiser Vagabond (1949-50): A milestone car
Kaiser Virginian (Hardtop) (1949-50): A milestone car
Kamm tail: It was once thought that a long tapered end in the shape of a vehicle would give it the most aerodynamic configuration. W. Kamm discovered that the length of the end would have to be so long as to make the vehicle unpractical. There would also be an increase in surface area which would also create its own friction drag. He found that if he cut the theoretically long tail in half he would have both good aerodynamics and minimal surface drag. This sharply cut off rear end is named after him.
Keeper: A vehicle that is worth keeping because it will be worth more in the future. Also see valve keeper.
Key: A parallel-sided piece inserted into a groove cut part way into each of two parts, which prevents slippage between the two parts and they rotate together. Used to secure gears, pulleys, cranks, handles, etc. Also see Allen wrench, flat key gib-head key, half-moon key, Pratt and Whitney, square key, valve keeper, and Woodruff key.
Key fob: A device to hold keys.
Keyseat: The groove where a key rests.
Keyway: A slot cut in a shaft, pulley hub, wheel hub, etc. A square key is placed in the slot and engages a similar keyway in the mating piece. The key prevents slippage between the two parts. Also called Keyseat
Kickdown: A device on automatic transmissions which allows the driver to switch to a lower gear during hill climbing or passing. Instead of manually moving the gear selector, he simply pushes down hard on the accelerator.
Kickdown switch: An electrical switch that will cause a transmission, or overdrive unit, to shift down to a lower gear. Often used to secure fast acceleration.
Kill switch: A special switch designed to shut off the ignition in case of an emergency.
Kilometer: A metric measurement equivalent to about 5/8 of a mile. There are 1.609344 kilometers in a mile.
Kilometer per hour: See kph.
Kinetic energy: The mechanical energy possessed by a body due to its motion. It may be calculated from the formula: Kinetic energy = 1/2 mass x (velocity)ý
Kingpin: A hardened steel pin that is passed through the steering knuckle and axle end. The steering knuckle pivots about the kingpin. In newer cars the kingpin has been replaced by balljoints. See balljoints
Kingpin inclination: An alignment adjustment where the tops of the kingpins are tipped inward toward each other. This places the center line of the steering axis nearer the center line of the tire-road contact area. Thus when the car comes out of a turn, the steering wheel returns to the straight-ahead position. Also called "steering axis inclination."
Kissel (1925-26 all models, 1927 8-75, 1928 8-90 and 8-90 White Eagle, 1929 8-125 and 8-90 White Eagle, 1930 8-125): A classic car
Knock: 1. A general term used to describe various noises occurring in an engine; may be used to describe noises made by loose or worn mechanical parts. 2. Preignition or detonation. Also see anti-knock agents.
Knuckle: See ball joint steering knuckle and steering knuckle.
Knife: See jack knife.
Knobby tires: On a bicycle, heavy-duty tires with large rubber knobs spaced relatively far apart to provide traction in wet, muddy terrain.
Knocking: 1. Noise created by part movement in a loose or worn bearing. 2. A condition, accompanied by an audible noise, that occurs when the gasoline in the cylinders burns too quickly. This is also referred to as detonation.
Knurl: To indent or roughen the finished surface of a piece of metal by pressing a series of cross-hatched lines into the surface and thereby raising the area between these lines.
____________________________
Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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mõiste, sõnavara, sõnastik, termin, inglise keel
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Lacquer: A fast drying automotive body paint.
Ladder frame: A type of frame design which has two long parallel sections which run from the front to the rear of the car. In various places there are shorter sections which connect the long sections. The result looks like a ladder. The connecting pieces hold various components such as the engine. This design is not used today because it is too heavy and lacks rigidity.
Ladies' frame: The type of frame in which the top tube is replaced by a second down tube to make mounting and dismounting the bike easier.
Lagonda (all except Rapier) (1925-1948): A classic car
Lagonda V-12 (1948-49): A milestone car
Lagonda 2.5 Liter Drophead Coupe (1949-53): A milestone car
Laminate: To build up or construct out of a number of thin sheets. The magneto coil has a laminated core.
Laminated: Something made up of many layers.
Laminated windshield: Older safety windshields were made of tempered glass which is heat treated so that the surface is very tough. When a vehicle with tempered glass is involved in an accident, the windshield shatters into a spiderweb of little crystals. Its adhesive property is greatly diminished so that an object (your body) can easily be ejected through the windshield. Laminated windshields, however, are made with two sheets of glass with a thin layer of rubbery plastic in between. When your head hits the windshield, the windshield bows out without being punctured. The plastic sandwich prevents the glass from splintering.
Lamp: *
Lanchester (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Lancia (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Lancia Flaminia Zagato (1959-64): A milestone car
Lancia Flaminia GT Two Passenger Coupe or Convertible (1961-63): A milestone car
Lancia Flavia Coupe (1962-66): A milestone car
Lancia Aurelia B.20 and B.2O Coupe (1951-59): A milestone car
Lancia Aurelia B.24 Spyder & Convertible (1953-59): A milestone car
Land: The metal separating a series of grooves. Also see Piston lands.
Landau: A closed-type body on the sides, it has provision for opening or folding the fabric top over the rear quarter. This precludes the use of rear quarter windows. Landau irons are fairly common but not a mandatory feature.
Landau bars: S-shaped bars or irons on the C-pillar. On convertibles, they are functional; but decorative on other body styles.
Landaulet sedan: This body style is similar to the landau sedan in appearance, but with a stationary rear quarter. Landau irons are mounted on the rear quarter but are non-functional.
Lands: The piston metal between the ring grooves.
Lap: 1. One complete trip around a race track or route laid out for racing. 2. To fit two surfaces together by coating them with abrasive and then rubbing them together.
LaSalle (1927-1933): A classic car
Lash: See valve lash.
Latch: *
Lateral acceleration: The acceleration created when a car corners that tends to push a car sideways. Because of centrifugal force, the car is pushed outward. For this reason, you need to accelerate a little as you reach the apex of the curve to pull you through the curve. An inexperienced driver may panic in a curve as the lateral acceleration pushes his vehicle into the left lane. He might hit the brakes to slow the motion only to find that the problem actually increases. The proper way to take a sharp corner is to slow down before the curve, then accelerate at the apex of it to bring the vehicle around. To increase your frustration, try following an inexperience driver as he drives on mountain roads. He maintains his speed to the corner and brakes at the apex.
Lathe: A device for shaving the metal from the outside or inside of a cylinder. Also see brake drum lathe.
Lea Francis 2.5 Liter Eighteen Sports (1950-54): A milestone car
Lead: [pronounced LEED] A short connecting wire which makes electrical contact between two points.
Lead: [pronounced LED] A metal added to gasoline in the form of tetraethyl lead. See tetraethyl lead.
Lead burning: Connecting two pieces of lead by melting the edges together.
Lead free: Until 1973 all new vehicles used gasoline that had tetraethyl lead or some other lead compound as an additive to increase octane rating and reduce knock or detonation. In 1973, almost all new cars required lead-free gasoline (unleaded gas). The exhaust valves in older cars were lubricated by the lead, so they were redesigned to accommodate the new gasoline. To offset the detonation problem, the compression ratio was also reduced. Lead-free gasoline was introduced to remove the lead in the exhaust fumes as a health hazard.
Leading arm: A suspension system which has two long arms that extend forward from the pivot points of the arms. The wheels are attached to the forward end of these arms. The Citro‰n 2CV has this form of independent suspension.
Leading brake shoe: See primary forward brake shoe.
Leaf spring: A length of flat spring steel plates bent in an arch usually with curled ends to allow mounting to the frame. Two holes are drilled in the center to mount a u-bolt shackle which surrounds the axle. Some applications need only one leaf spring; but most have several leaves, each smaller than the other, nested together. Only the longest one is mounted to the frame. Also see "longitudinal leaf spring" and transverse leaf spring.
Leasing: The financial plan like renting where you pay a sum of money each month in return for the use of a vehicle instead of buying it outright. Open-end leases allow you to pay an additional amount at the end of the term so that you can own the vehicle. Sometimes this is called the buy-back option. Closed-end leases state that at the end of the term the ownership and possession of the vehicle must revert back to the leasing agency. Leasing used to be the domain of businesses; but because of the high cost of vehicles, leasing is now an option for the average consumer.
Left: When referring to the side of a unit, the left side is always from the perspective of operation. In other words, when sitting in the driver's seat or when pushing a mower, the left side is the operator's left side.
Left-hand thread: Most threads on bolts are right-hand thread meaning that turning the bolt clockwise inserts or tightens the bolt; counter-clockwise loosens or removes the bolt. But in left-hand thread the reverse is true. Turning the bolt clockwise loosens or removes the bolt. Left-hand thread is used on applications where the normal turning motion of the object is such that there is a possibility that the object could back out and be removed. For instance, the left pedal of a bicycle turns around the crank arm in a counter-clockwise direction. If it had right-hand thread, the pedal could fall off. Thus all left pedals have left hand thread so that the motion of the pedal helps to keep the pedal tight on the crank arm.
Left-handed monkey wrench: *
Letter drills: A series of drills in which each drill size is designated by a letter of the alphabet: A, B, C, etc.
Level: See Automatic level control, float level.
Level control: See automatic level control.
Lever: A simple machine comprising an arm and a pivot. Also see gearshift.
L-head engine: An engine having both valves in the block and on the same side of the cylinder. The arrangement of the valves in the block and the combustion chamber forms an "L" shape. See flathead.
Lid: See deck lid and hood
Lien: See mechanics lien.
Lift: The action of the rear end of the car to rise during braking. Also see anti-lift and valve lift.
Lifter: See hydraulic valve lifter, roller tappets, and tappets.
Light: See idiot lights and timing light.
Lightened valves: Valves in which all possible metal has been ground away to reduce weight. This will allow higher rpm without valve float.
Lighting: See auxiliary lighting.
Limited-slip differential: A differential unit designed to provide superior traction by transferring driving torque, when one wheel is spinning, to the wheel that is not slipping. A cone or clutch disc locks the two independent axle shafts together so that they both turn at the same time. There is a minimal amount of slippage (thus the name limited-slip) to allow for differential action.
Limousine: A chauffeur-driven car where the driver is separated from the passengers by a glass or metal partition.
Lincoln (All L, K, KA, and KB, 1941 168H, 1942 268H): A classic car
Lincoln Capri (1952-54): A milestone car
Lincoln Continental (1925-1948): A classic car
Lincoln Continental (1946-48, 1961-64): A milestone car
Lincoln Continental Convertible (1958-60, 1965-67): A milestone car
Lincoln Continental Custom Limos (Lehman Peterson) (1961-67): A milestone car
Line: See brake line and fuel line.
Liner: A thin section placed between two parts, such as a replaceable cylinder liner in an engine. Wet liners are the complete cylinder wall where the outside of the liner makes up part of the cooling system to allow coolant circulation. Dry liners are pressed into the block and are not surrounded by coolant. See dry liner.
Lining: See brake lining.
Link: See drag link, half link, master link, and offset link.
Linkage: Any series of rods, yokes, levers, bars or links used to transmit motion from one unit to another. Also see center steering linkage, progressive linkage, shift linkage, steering linkage, and watt linkage.
Liquid: Any substance which assumes the shape of the vessel in which it is placed without changing volume.
Liquid traction: A special liquid that is applied to the tires of drag racers to provide superior traction.
Liquid withdrawal: Drawing LPG (propane) from the bottom of the tank to insure delivery of liquid LPG (propane). Withdrawal from the top of the tank will deliver LPG (propane) in the gaseous state.
Liquefied petroleum gas: See LPG
Lithium base grease: Chassis and wheel bearing grease usinig lithium as a base. Not compatible with sodium base grease
Litre: Metric measurement of capacity equivalent to 2.11 US pints. Five litres equals 1.32 U.S. gallon.
Live axle: An axle upon which the wheels are firmly affixed. The axle drives the wheels. Also see axle.
Live wire: See hot wire.
Load: The object which is being lifted or accelerated.
Load range: Indicates the number of plies at which a tire is rated. Load range B equals 4 ply rating; C equals 6 ply rating; and D equals 8 ply rating.
Load test: A test applied to a battery. Although the battery indicates 12 volts or more, it may not meet the amperage for which it is rated. A tester with a variety of amperage loads can be applied to determine if the battery is good.
Loaded tourer: A bicycle whose structure, geometry, and equipment is designed to allow a cyclist to travel with 50 pounds of gear.
Lobe: An off-center or eccentric enlargement on a shaft which converts rotary motion to reciprocating. Also called a "cam." See cam lobes.
Lock: * See air lock, steering lock, and vapor lock.
Locknut: A nut used in conjunction with a washer or a second nut to lock a mechanism in place, such as the nut found at the upper end of a headset and in front of the calipers on many caliper brakes.
Lockring: The notched ring that fits on the left side of a bottom bracket of a bicycle and prevents the adjustable cup from turning.
Lockwasher: There are several types of lockwashers which are designed to be placed between a flat washer and the securing nut in order to keep the nut from backing out or loosening. One type is a split ring. Another looks like a star with prongs or tangs coming out from the outer circumference. Also called a "star washer." Another type has prongs coming out of the inner circumference of the washer.
Locktite: Brand name for a type of liquid which is applied to the threads of a bolt and/or nut to secure them to various degrees of strength.
Locomobile (All models 48 and 90; 1927 8-80; 1928 8-80; 1929 8-80): A classic car
Log manifold: A special intake manifold generally designed to accept four or more carburetors. Each side has bases for the carburetors set on a pipe-like log area.
Long and short arm suspension: A suspension system using an upper and lower control arm. The upper arm is shorter than the lower. This is done so as to allow the wheel to deflect in a vertical direction with a minimum change in camber.
Longitudinal leaf spring: A leaf spring that is mounted so that it is parallel to the length of the car.
Loping: Action of the engine when the mixture of gasoline and air to the carburetor is too lean.
Lorry: A British term for truck.
Lost motion: Motion between a driving part and a driven part which does not move the driven part. Also see backlash.
Lotus Elite (1958-63): A milestone car
Louver: Ventilation slots such as sometimes found in the hood of the automobile, intended for letting air come into the passenger compartment or for cooling in the engine compartment.
Louvre: Canadian and European spelling for louver.
Low: See bull low.
Low beam: The outboard headlights in a four-light system or the main lights in a two-light system. The low beam is used for most applications of night driving. For those cars without day-time running lights, the low beam should be turned on. In fog and heavy snow, the low beam can provide more light on the road because the high beam reflects light back to the driver. Also see high beam.
Low brake pedal: A condition where the brake pedal approaches too close to the floorboard before actuating the brakes.
Low gear: The lowest gear in a transmission, usually called first gear.
Low pivot swing axle: A rear axle setup that attaches the differential housing to the frame via a pivot mount. A conventional type of housing and axle extend from the differential to one wheel. The other side of the differential is connected to the other driving wheel by a housing and axle that is pivoted at a point in line with the differential to frame pivot point.
Low tension leads: The wiring in the ignition system that is distinguished from the high tension wiring. The low tension leads carry only 6 or 12 volts. Includes the battery cables, the coil connections (but not the high tension wire going to the distributor), the wiring to the ignition switch, and the non-high tension wires going to the distributor.
Low-speed circuit: See idle circuit.
Lube grease: A very thick lubricating oil that has a paste-like consistency. Used to lubricate the steering linkage, the suspension system, and other moving parts outside the engine. Also see gear grease.
Lube job: The greasing and lubrication of the suspension system, the drive train, and other parts of the car which need it. A grease gun is applied to zerk or grease fittings and the grease is forced into the component. It should be done professionally once or twice a year. It can be done regularly when you change your oil.
Lubricant: Any material, usually of a petroleum nature such as grease, oil, etc., that is placed between two moving parts in an effort to reduce friction. Lubricant can also protect a part from dirt and moisture. Also see extreme pressure lubricant.
Lubrication system: The system which stores, cleans, cools, and recirculates oil in an engine to lubricate its moving parts and bearings. It includes the oil pump, oil pan or sump, oil coolers, tubing, filters, oil passages in the block, and dashboard oil gauge. Checking the level of oil is accomplished with the oil dipstick.
Lug: 1. To cause the engine to labor by failing to shift to a lower gear when necessary. 2. A protrusion on an object. Also see dog. 3. An external metal sleeve that holds two or more tubes together at the joints of a frame.
Lug bolt: Bolts which secure the wheel to the hub. Also called "wheel lug bolt."
Lug nut: The nuts which secure the wheels to the car. A lug wrench is necessary to remove the nuts.
Lug wrench: A wrench used to remove the lug nuts which secure the wheels to the car. Some are L-shaped while others are X-shaped. They are usually found in the trunk of the car with the tire jack.
____________________________
Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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MacPherson strut: A suspension piece which employs a coil spring and shock absorber attached to the lower A-arms and the top of the front body structure. Originally it had a lateral link with an anti-roll bar instead of the lower A-arm. It was first invented by a Ford of England engineer, Earle S. MacPherson.
Mag: Abbreviation for "magneto"; or for "magnesium," as in mag wheels.
Mag wheel: Lightweight, sporty wheels made of magnesium. The term mag is often applied to aluminum and aluminum and steel combination wheels. Also see alloy wheels.
Magnaflux: A special chemical process, used to check parts for cracks.
Magnet: A piece of magnetized steel that will attract all ferrous material. The permanent magnet does not need electricity to function and will retain its magnetism over a period of years. Often shaped into the letter "U." Also see alnico magnet and permanent magnet.
Magnetic field: The area encompassed by the magnetic lines of force surrounding either a bar magnet or electromagnet. The flow of magnetic force between the opposite poles of a magnet.
Magnetically controlled electronic ignition: See electronic ignition system.
Magneto: An electrical device which generates electrical current when it is rotated by an outside source of power. It needs no outside source of power such as a battery. It may produce either low or high tension current.
Mags: See "mag wheel."
Main bearings: The crankshaft bearings.
Main bearing supports: A steel plate that is installed over the main bearing caps to increase their strength for racing purposes.
Main triangle: See front triangle.
Mandrel: A round shaft used to mount a stone, cutter, saw, etc.
Manifold: A pipe or number of pipes connecting a series of holes or outlets to a common opening. See exhaust manifold, high-rise manifold, intake manifold, log manifold, ram intake manifold, and split manifold.
Manifold heat control valve: A valve placed in the exhaust manifold, or in the exhaust pipe, that deflects a certain amount of hot gas around the base of the carburetor to aid in warmup.
Manifold vacuum: As the pistons move down on the intake stroke, they create a suction or vacuum in the intake manifold. This vacuum reading can be used to determine how well the engine is running.
Manual: See owner's manual and service manual.
Manual choke: A linkage system which begins with a knob on the dash which can be pulled to activate and pushed to de-activate. The knob is attached to a cable and the other end of the cable is attached to a the butterfly valve on the carburetor. Because many drivers had difficulty knowing when to use the choke knob, manufacturers developed the automatic choke system which decides this information for the driver. Also see automatic choke.
Manual steering: A steering system that does not have a power booster to reduce the effort of steering changes especially during slow movements such as parallel parking.
Manual transmission: A transmission system in which gears are selected by the driver by means of a hand-operated gearshift and a foot-operated clutch. In a motorcycle the clutch is hand-operated and the gearshift is foot-operated. Contrasts with an automatic transmission. Also called a "standard transmission."
Margin: See valve margin.
Marmon (All 16-cyl.; 1925 74; 1926 74; 1927 75; 1928 E75; 1930 Big 8; 1931 88 and Big 8): A classic car
Martin: Aston Martin
Maserati (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A
Maserati 3500/3700 GT (1957-64): A milestone car
Mass: The quantity of matter a body contains. Mass is measured in kilograms (and often incorrectly called weight). The mass of a body does not change if, for example, it is moved to the Moon where the force of gravity is less. See weight.
Master: See Brake master cylinder, "
Master brake cylinder: See brake master cylinder.
Master cylinder: See brake master cylinder.
Master link: A special link on a chain that can be opened by flexing a plate, removing a screw, or some other means besides driving out a rivet. The retaining spring clip is shaped like a fish with a round head and twin tails. This illustration helps to determine the position of the clip because the "fish" moves in the direction of chain movement. When installed in reverse, the clip may come off.
Maybach (1925-1948): A classic car
McFarlan (1925-1948): A classic car
Mean effective pressure (mep): The pressure of the burning fuel (average) on the power stroke subtracted by the average pressure on the other three strokes. Pressure is in pounds per square inch.
Mechanical brakes: Service brakes that are actuated by a mechanical linkage (rather than hydraulic lines) connecting the brakes to the brake pedal. The parking brake on most vehicles is mechanical.
Mechanical efficiency: An engine's rating as to how much of the potential horsepower is wasted through friction within the moving parts of the engine. The ratio between the indicated horsepower and the brake horsepower of an engine.
Mechanics lien: When you take your vehicle to a shop to be repaired and you fail to pay your repair bill, the repair shop has a lien on your vehicle and can confiscate and sell your vehicle to pay for the work on your vehicle.
Mercedes (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Mercedes-Benz (All 230 and up, and K, S, SS, SSK, SSKL, Grosser and Mannheim) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Mercedes-Benz 190 SL (1955-61): A milestone car
Mercedes-Benz 220A Coupe & Convertible (1951-54): A milestone car
Mercedes-Benz 220S/220SE Coupe & Convertible (1956-65): A milestone car
Mercedes-Benz 230SL Coupe & Convertible (1963-1967): A milestone car
Mercedes-Benz 250SE Coupe & Convertible (1965-1967): A milestone car
Mercedes-Benz 250 SL (1965-67): A milestone car
Mercedes-Benz 280 SL 1969-70: A milestone car
Mercedes-Benz 300 SE Coupe & Convertible (1965-67): A milestone car
Mercedes-Benz 300 (S, SL, SE, 300 Coupe & Convertible (1952-64): A milestone car
Mercedes-Benz 600 (1964): A milestone car
Mercedes-Benz SWB-LWB 600 (1965-70): A milestone car
Mercer (1925-1948): A classic car
Mercury Cougar XR-7 (1967-68): A milestone car
Mercury Sportsman (1946): A milestone car
Mercury Sun Valley (1954-55): A milestone car
Mesh gearbox: See constant mesh gearbox and constant mesh gears.
Metal fatigue: A crystallizing of the metal due to vibration, twisting, bending, etc. The unit will eventually break. Bending a piece of wire back and forth to break it is a good example of metal fatigue.
Metallic paint: Finish paint colors that contain metallic flakes in addition to pigment.
Meter: See dwell meter.
Metering jet: A small hole or orifice used to control the flow of gasoline in various parts of the carburetor.
Metering rod: A thin, movable rod which varies the opening area in a carburetor jet. As the rod is raised it permits more fuel to enter the jet.
Methanol: An alcohol that is occasionally blended with gasoline to raise octane levels, it is poisonous to humans and causes trouble with rubber and plastic parts of the fuel system not designed to handle alcohol-blended fuels. Also called "methyl alcohol" or "wood alcohol."
Methyl alcohol: See "methanol"
Metric size: Units made to metric system measurements.
MG (1935-39 SA, 1938-39 WA) (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
MG Series TC (1946-49): A milestone car
MG Series TD (1950-53): A milestone car
Micrometer: A precision measuring tool that will give readings accurate to 0.002 mm or .0001 of an inch. Sometimes called inside micrometer or outside micrometer. Also called a "mike."
Mickey mouse: *
Mike: 1. A micrometer. 2. The use of a micrometer to measure an object.
Miles per hour: See mph.
Milestone Car Society: P.O. Box 50850, Indianapolis, IN, 46250.
Milestone cars: Great cars of the post-war era, 1946-70 which include the following: AC Ace (1954-61); AC Aceca (1955-61); AC Buckland Open Tourer (1949); AC (Shelby) Cobra (1962-67); Alfa Romeo Giuletta Spider (1956-64); Alfa Romeo Giuletta/Giulia Sprint Speciale (1959-61); Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Super Sport (1949); Allard Series J2, K2, K3 (1946-56); American Motors AMX (1968-70); Apollo (1963-66); Arnolt Bristol (1952-62); Aston Martin (1948-63); Aston Martin DB4, DB5, DB6 (all) (1964-67); Austin Healey 100-6 (1956-59); Austin Healey 3000 (1959-67); Austin Healey 100/100M (1953-56); Bentley (1946-67); BMW 507 (1957-59); Bugatti Type 101 (1951); Buick Riviera (1949, 1963-70); Buick Skylark (1953-54); Cadillac Eldorado (1953-58, 67-70); Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (1957-58); Cadillac 60 Special (1948-49); Cadillac 61 Coupe Fastback (1948-49); Cadillac 62 Sedanet, Convertible DeVille (1948-49); Cadillac 75 Sedan/Limo (1946-70); Chevrolet Bel Air V-8 Hardtop & Convertible (1955-57); Chevrolet Camaro SS/RS V-8 & Z-28 (1967-69); Chevrolet Corvette (1953-70); Chevrolet Nomad (1955-57); Chrysler 300 Hurst (1970); Chrysler 300 Letter Series (1955-65); Chrysler Town & Country (1946-50); Cisitalia GT (Pininfarina) (1946-49); Citro‰n D8 & ID 19 (1955-64); Continental Mark II (1956-57); Corvair Monza (1960-64); Corvair Monza Spyder (1962-64); Corvair Monza/Corsa (1965-69); Crosley Hotshot/SS (1950-52); Cunningham (1951-55); Daimler DE-36 Custom Built (1949-53); Daimler 2.5 Special Sport Convertible (1949-53); Delage D-6 Sedan (1946-49); Delahaye Type 135, 175, 180 (1946-51); DeSoto Adventurer (1956-58); Devon S/S (1958-62); Dodge Coronet R/T (1967-70); Dodge Charger R/T & Daytona (1968-70); Dual Ghia (1956-58); Excalibur II Series I (1965-69); Facel Vega V-8 (1954-64); Ferrari V-12 (All Front Engined) (1947-70); Ford Mustang GT/GTA V-8 (1965-67); Ford Mustang Boss 302/Mach 1 (1969-70);Ford Crestline Skyliner (1954); Ford Skyliner Retractable (1957-59); Ford Crown Vic Skyliner (1955-56); Ford Sportsman (1946-48); Ford Thunderbird (1955-57, 1958-60); Frazer Manhattan (1947-50); Gaylord (1955-57); Healey Silverstone (1949-50); Hudson (All) (1948-49); Hudson Hornet (1951-54); Imperial (1955-56); Jaguar XK 110 (1945-54); Jaguar Mark V Drophead (1951); Jaguar Mark VII and '54 Mark VII M (1951-54); Jaguar KX 140 (1954-57); Jaguar Mark VIII (1956-57); Jaguar Mark IX (1958-61); Jaguar Mark X (1962-64); Jaguar XK 150 (1958-61); Jaguar 3.4/3.8 Sedans (1957-64); Jaguar E Type (1961-67); Kaiser Darrin 161 (1954); Kaiser Deluxe/Deluxe Virginian (1951-52); Kaiser Dragon (1951-53); Kaiser Manhattan (1954-55); Kaiser Vagabond (1949-50); Kaiser Virginian (Hardtop) (1949-50); Lagonda V-12 (1948-49); Lagonda 2.5 Liter Drophead Coupe (1949-53); Lancia Flaminia Zagato (1959-64); Lancia Flaminia GT Two Passenger Coupe or Convertible (1961-63); Lancia Flavia Coupe (1962-66); Lancia Aurelia B.20 and B.2O Coupe (1951-59); Lancia Aurelia B.24 Spyder & Convertible (1953-59); Lea Francis 2.5 Liter Eighteen Sports (1950-54); Lincoln Capri (1952-54); Lincoln Continental (1946-48, 1961-64); Lincoln Continental Convertible (1958-60, 1965-67); Lincoln Continental Custom Limos (Lehman Peterson) (1961-67); Lotus Elite (1958-63); Maserati 3500/3700 GT (1957-64); MG Series TC (1946-49); MG Series TD (1950-53); Mercedes-Benz 190 SL (1955-61); Mercedes-Benz 220A Coupe & Convertible (1951-54); Mercedes-Benz 220S/220SE Coupe & Convertible (1956-65); Mercedes-Benz 230SL Coupe & Convertible (1963-1967); Mercedes-Benz 250SE Coupe & Convertible (1965-1967); Mercedes-Benz 250 SL (1965-67); Mercedes-Benz 280 SL 1969-70; Mercedes-Benz 300 SE Coupe & Convertible (1965-67); Mercedes-Benz 300 (S, SL, SE, 300 Coupe & Convertible (1952-64); Mercedes-Benz 600 (1964); Mercedes-Benz SWB-LWB 600 (1965-70); Mercury Cougar XR-7 (1967-68); Mercury Sportsman (1946); Mercury Sun Valley (1954-55); Morgan Plus Four (1950-64); Muntz Jet (1950-54); Nash Healey (1951-54); NSU Wankel Spyder (1964); OSCA MT-4 (1948-56); Oldsmobile 88 (Coupe, Convertible, Holiday) (1949-50); Oldsmobile 98 Holiday HT (1949); Oldsmobile Fiesta (1953); Oldsmobile 442 (1964-70); Oldsmobile Toronado (1966-67); Packard Caribbean (1953-56); Packard Custom (Clipper & Custom Eight) (1946-50); Packard Pacific/Convertible (1954); Packard Panther Daytona (1954); Packard Patrician/400 (1951-56); Panhard Dyna (1946-67); Pegaso (All) (1951-58); Plymouth Fury (1956-58); Plymouth Satellite SS & GTX (1965-70); Plymouth Barracuda Formula S (1965-69); Plymouth Roadrunner & Superbird (1968-70); Pontiac Safari (1955-57); Pontiac GTO (1964-69); Porsche Series 356 (1949-64); Porsche 356C (1965); Riley 2.5 (RMA, RME) (1945-55); Rolls-Royce (All) (1947-67); Shelby 350GT & 500 GT (1965-67); Sunbeam Tiger Convertible (1965-67); Studebaker Avanti (1963-64); Studebaker Gran Turismo Hawk (1962-64); Studebaker Starlight Coupe (1947-49); Studebaker Starliner Hardtop (Six & V-8) (1953-54); Studebaker President Speedster (1955); Talbot Lago 4.5 (All) (1946-54); Triumph TR2/TR3 (1953-63); Tucker (1948); Volvo P.1800S, 2-door Coupe (1961-67); Willys Overland Jeepster (1948-51); Woodill Wildfire (1952-58)
Mill: 1. Often used to refer to the whole engine. 2. To remove metal through the use of a rotating toothed cutter.
Millimetre: A metric measurement equivalent to 0.039370 of an inch.
Milling machine: A machine that uses a variety of rotating cutter wheels to cut splines, gears, keyways, etc.
Minerva (All except 4-cyl) (1925-1948): A classic car
Mint condition: A popular term for a car that has been kept in, or restored to, perfect condition. Also called "cherry condition."
Misfire: The failure of the fuel charge in one or more engine cylinders to fire or ignite at the proper time. It can be due to poor compression caused by worn or improperly adjusted valves, worn piston rings, a faulty head gasket, or in the case of a two-stroke engine leaking crank seals. It can also be caused by poor ignition due to worn or dirty spark plug electrodes, worn or improperly gapped points or spark plugs, poor fuel delivery, faulty ignition wiring, or faulty distributor components. An easy way to detect the problem is to put a stiff piece of paper at the end of the tail pipe and listening for an irregular puffing sound. Also called "missing"
Missing: See "misfire."
Mist coat: Usually the final color coat, produced by over-reducing with a slow evaporating thinner. It is generally used to blend in the final overlap areas.
Mixte frame: A bicycle frame that replaces the top tube with twin lateral tubes that run all the way from the head tube back to the rear dropouts.
Mixture: See fuel-air mixture and fuel mixture.
Mixture screw: See idle mixture screw.
Modulator: A pressure control or adjusting valve used in the hydraulic system of the automatic transmission. When the car is under heavy load or full throttle, the modulator increases the pressure to hold the clutches in place. In a light load situation, the modulator reduces pressure to give smoother shifts. If the car tends to stay in low gear, shifts with difficulty, or produces a white smoke, and has low transmission fluid or has leaked transmission fluid, you have a transmission problem. It may be cured by an expensive repair or by simply replacing the modulator. Also called "vacuum modulator."
Module: A packaged functional assembly of wired electronic components for use with other such assemblies.
Mold: The hollow unit into which molten metal is poured to form a casting.
Molecule: The smallest portion that matter may be divided into and still retain all the properties of the original matter.
Moly: Abbreviation for "molybdenum" which is a lightweight metal which is often combined with chromium. It is used in piston rings (chrome moly rings) and even bicycle frames (chrome moly frames).
Moment of inertia: This is similar to inertia except that it relates to rotating movement rather than linear movement. Linear movement is the tendency of an object to remain motionless if at rest and to keep moving in a straight line if already in motion. The moment of inertia, however, is the tendency of an object to resist being accelerated when it is rotating. The polar moment of inertia is the rotating movement around a vertical axis through the center of rotation. It greatly affects steering and handling response in an automobile. The greater the length of the axis the greater the polar moment of inertia. By having the heavy components of a car such as the engine and transmission between the two front wheels, the polar moment of inertia is low so that the tires can easily change the direction of the car.
Momentum: A measure of a body's motion. It can be calculated from the product of the body's mass and velocity.
Monoblock: All cylinders cast as one unit.
Monocoque: A design of a car's body where a single shell has the engine and suspension attached to it in various places to spread the load evenly over the whole shell. Holes are cut only to install the engine and allow the driver to get into it. Otherwise it is completely closed.
Monkey wrench: * Also see left-handed monkey wrench.
Monoxide: See Carbon monoxide.
Moon (Custom bodies only) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Mopar: Trade name of Chrysler Corp.
Morgan Plus Four (1950-64): A milestone car
Motor: 1. An electrically driven power unit (electric motor). This term is often incorrectly applied to an internal combustion engine. 2. Attaching a generator to a battery in such a way it revolves like an electric motor. 3. A starting motor. See starter.
Motor mounts: The rubber-covered brackets that hold the engine and transmission to the frame of the car and cushions vibrations.
Mountain bike: A bicycle with straight handlebars, sturdy fat tires, and wide-range gearing designed for off-road use. Also called "all-terrain bike" or "ATB."
Mounting bolt: See pivot bolt.
Mount: * See "motor mounts."
Muffler: A unit through which the exhaust gases are passed to quiet the sounds of the running engine. Also see glass pack muffler, gutted muffler, and steel pack muffler.
Multiple disc: See "multiple disc clutch."
Multiple disc clutch: A clutch which has several clutch discs in its construction. The greater number of discs allows the size of the bell housing to be smaller in diameter and still maintain efficiency.
Multi-viscosity oils: Oils meeting S.A.E. Requirements for both low temperature requirements of a light oil and the high temperature requirements of a heavy oil. Example: (S.A.E. 10W-30). Also called Multiweight.
Multiweight: See "Multi-viscosity oils"
Muntz Jet (1950-54): A milestone car
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'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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N.A.G. [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Nacelle: *
Nash (1930 Twin Ignition 8, 1931; Series 900, 1932 Series 990, Advanced 8, Ambassador 8) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Nash Healey (1951-54): A milestone car
Needle: See metering rod.
Needle and seat: A pair of items in a carburetor. The seat is usually a brass plug with a specially shaped hole to accommodate the needle which is a shaft with a pointed end. When the needle is fully seated in the seat, no gasoline can enter the float bowl. As the needle is lifted off the seat some gas pours into the float bowl. The needle moves when the float in the float bowl drops below a set height.
Needle bearing: A roller type bearing in which the many rollers have a very narrow diameter in relation to their length. The design makes them particularly useful in situations where there is limited space such as the rod bearings on some pistons. Also called "Quill-type bearing."
Needle cage: In a needle bearing, there are many rollers within a holder or cage. See "Needle bearing"
Negative ground: See ground.
Negative offset steering: A steering system which indicates the placement of the wheels. From the back of the car, it appears as though the tires are tucked in where they contact the road. Although this system may appear strange, it actually does provide the benefit of helping a vehicle to stop in a straight line when the brakes are weak or the road friction is different on one side than the other.
Negative pole: The point from which an electrical current flows through the circuit. It is designated by a minus sign (-).
Negative terminal: That terminal (such as that on the battery) from which the current flows on its path to the positive terminal.
Nitrous oxide (NOx): One of the three basic pollutants found in the exhaust emission of an internal combustion engine. The amount of NOx usually varies in an inverse proportion to the amount of HC and CO.
Neon tube: An electric "bulb" or tube filled with a rare gas, used on ignition test instruments like timing lights.
Neoprene: A hard plastic like substance.
Net horsepower: See S.A.E. net horsepower.
Neutral: The neutral position of a transmission is the gear position where the engine is unable to drive the wheels. It is usually placed between reverse and one of the forward gears in automatic transmissions; and is located centrally in manual transmissions.
Neutral steer: The characteristic of a vehicle's slip angles where both front and rear are the same. In slippery conditions, both the front and rear tires will break loose at the same time so that the vehicle slides sideways rather than the rear end swinging around (oversteer) or the front end wanting to move to the rear (understeer).
Neutron: A neutral charge particle forming part of an atom.
Newton: A unit of force. One newton is the force which acts on a mass of 1 kilogram to produce an acceleration of 1 metre per second per second.
Newton's law: For every action there is an equal, an opposite reaction.
Nipple: A small metal piece that fits through a wheel rim of a bicycle and is threaded inside to receive the end of a spoke.
Nitrogen oxides: In the combustion process, nitrogen from the air combines with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides.
Nonferrous metals: All metals containing no iron (except in very minute quantities). Thus they are not subject to rusting.
North pole: The magnetic pole in a magnet from which the lines of force emanate; travel is from North to South pole.
Nozzle: See fuel injector nozzle.
Notchback: A body shape which differs from a fast back. When a fastback is observed from the side, there is a smooth line (curve) along the roof from the A-pillar to the back of the car. In a notchback, the roof is abruptly dropped down to the leading part of the rear deck (or trunk).
NSU Wankel Spyder (1964): A milestone car
Nuclear: Involving the inner part of an atom, the nucleus. Changes in the nucleus can release a lot of energy which can be used in the generation of power.
Number drills: A series of drills in which each size is designated by a number (0-80).
Nut: 1. A fastening device that is roughly doughnut shaped with a number of flat surfaces on the outer rim and threads on the inner hole. Also see bolt and nut, castellated nut, and lug nut. 2. A person who is greatly interested in a field such as "Jim is a car nut." Also see buff
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'83 Punane Firebird |
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Obsolescence: See planned obsolescence.
Octane number: Every brand of gasoline has an octane rating or number which indicates its ability to resist knocking. When the numbers were first developed, the researchers found that normal heptane (a hydrocarbon) had almost no ability to resist knocking so they gave it an octane number of zero. Then they found that isooctane (also a hydrocarbon) was very resistant to knocking so they gave it the octane number of 100. To measure a particular sample of gasoline they discovered when it began to create detonation. Then they mixed isooctane to heptane to find out what percentage of isooctane created the same results as the sample of gasoline. In United States, there are two methods for determining the octane number depending upon operating conditions. The Research Octane Number (RON) is obtained when conditions are somewhat mild. The Motor Octane Number (MON) is obtained when conditions are somewhat severe and give a much lower number than the RON. The numbers on the gasoline pumps are usually an average of the RON and MON. Usually the pump number is about four numbers less than the RON. Thus if the automobile manufacturer recommends using gasoline with a RON of 91 or more, it would be acceptable to use pump gas rating of 87.
Odometer: An instrument which measures and registers the number of kilometers or miles a vehicle travels. In automobiles, it is usually located in the same housing as the speedometer. Bicycles do not generally come with odometers as standard equipment. In "an instrument usually located in the same housing as the speedometer, for measuring and registering the miles and tenths of miles driven. Some cars also have an additional trip odometer (italics, not underline) that can be reset to zero for conveniently measuring the miles driven during trips or between fuel fillups. Also see trip odometer.
Offset link: *
Offset steering: See negative offset steering.
Ohm: A unit of measurement used to indicate the amount of resistance to the flow of electricity in a given circuit.
Ohmmeter: An instrument used to measure the amount of resistance in a given unit or circuit (in ohms).
Oil: A substance that lubricates and cools the moving parts of the engine and reduces the formation of rust and corrosion. Oil comes in varying viscosity weights suitable for efficient operation in cold and hot weather and for engines in varying states of wear. Also see crude oil, diesel oil, gear oil, viscosity, multi-viscosity oils, and penetrating oil.
Oil bath air cleaner: An air cleaner that uses a pool of oil to insure the removal of impurities from the air entering the carburetor.
Oil breather: Ventilated cap on oil filler pipe for allowing fumes to escape from the crankcase.
Oil burner: An engine that consumes an excessive quantity of oil.
Oil control ring: A piston ring designed to scrape oil from the cylinder wall, the ring is of such a design as to allow the oil to pass through the ring and then through holes or slots in the groove. In this way the oil lubricates the cylinder walls and is returned to the pan rather than getting into the combustion chamber where it might foul the spark plugs and create carbon on the head of the cylinder. There are many shapes and special designs used on oil control rings. Often it is the third or fourth ring from the top.
Oil cooler: This looks like a small radiator used to cool off the engine oil or the automatic transmission fluid. As air passes through the cooler, the temperature of the oil in the cooler is reduced. Some units reduce the temperature of the manual gearbox and differential lubricants in racing cars.
Oil dipstick: See dipstick.
Oil drain plug: The large bolt or plug that secures the drain hole in the oil pan. It is fitted with a gasket or o-ring to prevent leakage. Often the drain plug is magnetized so that any stray particles of iron will stick to it rather than lodge in some vital orifice.
Oil filter: A device used to strain the oil in the engine thus removing abrasive particles. Some filters are a can-like container, others look like small air filters which fit into a canister. Most manufacturers recommend that the oil filter should be replaced at least every second oil change. Also see filter.
Oil filter hole: A hole at the top of the engine through which new oil can be added after the filler hole cover is removed.
Oil gallery: A pipe or drilled passageway in the engine that is used to carry engine oil from one area to another.
Oil gauge: A device on the dashboard which indicates the oil pressure as the oil is pumped through the engine. If this gauge shows a sharp drop, reads low, or lights up, it is possible that there is no oil in the engine. Stop the vehicle and turn off the engine. Check the oil level and replenish it as necessary. A vehicle with no oil in the engine could destroy an engine within a kilometer (or a mile).
Oil pan: The removable chamber at the bottom of the crankcase which stores oil. The oil drain plug is found at the bottom of this pan and can be removed to allow the old oil to flow out of the car during an oil change.
Oil pump: The device located in the crankcase used to force oil, under pressure, to various parts of the engine, it is driven by a gear on the camshaft. There are two types: gear pump and rotor pump.
Oil pumping: A condition where an excessive quantity of oil passes the piston rings and is consumed in the combustion chamber.
Oil seal: A device used to prevent oil leakage past a certain area. See grease seal and valve oil seal.
Oil slinger: A cone-shaped collar attached to a revolving shaft so that any oil passing that point will be thrown outward where it will return to the point of origin.
Oil-combination splash and pressure system: An engine oiling system that uses both pressure and splash oiling to accomplish proper lubrication.
Oil-full pressure system: An engine oiling system that forces oil, under pressure, to the moving parts of the engine.
Oil-ML: Engine oil designed for light duty service under favorable conditions.
Oil-MM: Engine oil designed for moderate duty service with occasional high speeds.
Oil-MS: Engine oil designed for high speed, heavy duty operation or for a great deal of stop and go driving.
Oil-splash system: An engine oiling system that depends on the connecting rods to dip into oil troughs and splash the oil to all moving parts.
Oldsmobile 88 (Coupe, Convertible, Holiday) (1949-50): A milestone car
Oldsmobile 98 Holiday HT (1949): A milestone car
Oldsmobile Fiesta (1953): A milestone car
Oldsmobile 442 (1964-70): A milestone car
Oldsmobile Toronado (1966-67): A milestone car
One-way clutch: See freewheeling.
Open circuit: A circuit in which a wire is broken or disconnected.
Open loop system: A control system which operates by feeding in instructions at the beginning of a process and they are followed to complete the process.
Open Tourer: See AC Buckland Open Tourer
Opposed engine: See horizontally opposed engine.
Opposite lock: The act of turning the wheels to avoid a skid by steering in the opposite direction to which the vehicle is going. If the tail of the car swings out to the left in a skid, you should correct the problem by turning the steering fully to the left. Some people express it by saying, steer in the direction of a rear-wheel skid. Others say, counter steer to straighten out the vehicle. If you have never experienced a skid, you might consider taking a course designed to give you the skill. Otherwise, practice in an unoccupied snow-covered parking lot.
Optional equipment: Any equipment or feature of a new car which is not included in the basic price and is provided only if the purchaser requests it.
Original condition: An older car that has all of its original paint and equipment and has not been restored or modified.
O-ring: An o-ring is a doughnut shaped rubber or plastic ring which is placed in a groove and compressed to seal fluid from passing a particular point.
Orange peel: A rough paint surface, resembling the skin of an orange caused by the paint spray failing to flow together.
Original finish: The paint applied to vehicle when it is built by the manufacturer.
OSCA MT-4 (1948-56): A milestone car
Oscillate: To swing back and forth like a pendulum.
Oscillating action: A swinging action such as that in the pendulum of a clock.
Oscilloscope: A testing unit which projects visual reproduction of the ignition system spark action onto screen of cathode-ray tube.
Otto cycle: Four-stroke cycle consisting of the intake, compression, firing, and exhaust strokes. Also see four-stroke cycle engine.
Output shaft: The shaft delivering power from within a mechanism. The shaft leaving the transmission, attached to the propeller shaft or driveshaft, is the transmission output shaft.
Outside calipers: See calipers.
Overdrive: A unit with a planetary gearset which turns the drive shaft faster than the transmission output shaft. Sometimes the overdrive is an additional gearbox which is mounted in the driveline. Normally the final drive ratio is 1:1; but the overdrive makes it less (e.g., .87:1). The overdrive can reduce gas consumption at sustained high-speed driving, engine noise, and engine wear. Also called "overdrive transmission."
Overdrive transmission: A transmission with a high gear which acts as an overdrive.
Overflow pipe: A tube located in the radiator fill hole that allows excess liquid to escape from the cooling system under conditions of extreme heat, pressure, or overfilling. Also see coolant recovery kit.
Overhaul: See rebuild.
Overhead cam (OHC): See "overhead camshaft."
Overhead camshaft (OHC): The camshaft that activates the valves is mounted above the head and driven by a long timing chain or cam chain. In contrast, a pushrod engine has the camshaft below the cylinders so that thin rods (pushrods) are moved by the camshaft and activate the valves. An engine with an overhead cam means that the distance between the cam and the valves is much shorter, so the valves respond quicker and valve adjustment can be more accurate. Also this system allows for higher engine speed because of fewer moving valvetrain parts. A system with only one cam is called "single overhead cam" (SOHC). In some instances there are two camshafts above the heads (one for the intake valves and the other for the exhaust) and called double overhead cam (DOHC). Also see double overhead cam.
Overhead valves: Valves located in the head. Also see I-head engine.
Overlap: 1. The part of the spray band that covers the previous application of paint. A 50% overlap on each stroke is generally recommended. 2. The number of degrees of crankshaft rotation where the both the intake and exhaust valves are open at the same time. This situation will occur only at the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the following intake stroke. Also see valve overlap.
Overrunning clutch: A clutch mechanism that will drive in one direction only. If driving torque is removed or reversed, the clutch slips. Also see freewheeling.
Overrunning clutch starter drive: A starter drive that is mechanically engaged. When the engine starts, the overrunning clutch operates until the drive is mechanically disengaged. Also see freewheeling.
Overspray: The fine mist of paint on areas where it is not wanted (glass, moldings, other painted surfaces, etc). The distinguishing mark of a car that has been painted or had body work done.
Over square engine: An engine in which the bore diameter is larger than the length of the stroke.
Oversteer: The tendency for a car, when negotiating a corner, to turn more sharply than the driver intends. The rear end of the vehicle wants to swing toward the outside of a turn. It is generally a sign that the suspension roll resistance is too hard in the rear or too soft in the front. A rear-engine car has a natural tendency to want to swap ends, or oversteer, unless its suspension is adjusted to counteract it.
Oversquare: An engine where the cylinder bore diameter is greater than the length of the stroke.
Owner's manual: Every new vehicle is supplied with an owner's manual which gives the basic instructions for operating the controls. It includes a maintenance schedule and specifications such as the type and quantity of fluids. For instruction on repair work, you will need a service manual which may be ordered from the dealership which sold you your vehicle.
Oxide: See Aluminum oxide, nitrogen oxides, and nitrous oxide.
Oxidize: Action where surface of metal is combined with oxygen in the air to produce rust, scale, etc.
Oxidation: One of the processes by which enamel paint cures, by combining oxygen in the air with the paint film. This process dries and continues to harden enamel for several weeks. Oxidation also results in chalking in older paint.
Oxygenated gasolines: Fuels with a mixture of ethyl or methyl alcohol. The addition of oxygen causes a slightly leaner fuel/air mixture which is especially beneficial with older cars.
Oxygen sensor: A pollution device which measures the amount of oxygen in the exhaust. It controls the fuel/air mixture entering the engine.
Ozone checking: Cracks or hard spots usually found on the sidewalls of tires. Caused by the action of the ozone in the air on the rubber. This condition is normal, but could be dangerous on tires that are more than 65,000 km (40,000 miles) old or have been exposed to the ozone created by electrical machinery.
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Packard: All sixes and eights 1925-34; all 12-cyl. models; 1935 Models 1200-1208; 1936 Models 1400-1408; 1937 Models 1500-1508; 1938 Models 1603-1608; 1939 Models 1703-1708; 1940 Models 1803-1808; 1941 Models 1903-1908; 1942 Models 2004-2008 plus 2023; 1946-47 Models 2106 and 2126; all Darrin-bodied with required application are classic cars
Packard: The 1953-56 Caribbean models are milestone cars
Packard: The Clipper and Custom Eight from 1946 to 1950 are milestone cars
Packard: The Pacific sedan and convertible for 1954 are milestone cars
Packard: The 1954 Panther Daytona is a milestone car
Packard: The Patrician 400 for 1951 to 56 are milestone cars
Pad: See brake pads.
Paint: * Also see metallic paint and "pyroxylin paint."
Paint film: The actual thickness of the paint on a surface.
Pan: A thin stamped cover that is bolted to the bottom of the crankcase, it forms a sump for the engine oil and keeps dirt, etc. from entering the engine. Also see oil pan.
Pancake engine: An engine in which the cylinders are on a horizontal plane, this reduces the overall height and enables them to be used in spots where vertical height is restricted. Also see flat engine.
Panel: * Also see access panel, dashboard, and rocker panel.
Panhard: The Dyna for 1946-67 models are milestone cars
Panhard rod: A rod or linkage on the axle which runs from side to side. Usually one end is attached to the body and the other end is connected to the axle. Also called a "track bar."
Panniers: Luggage bags used in pairs and fastened alongside one or both wheels of a bike.
Paper air cleaner: An air cleaner that makes use of special paper through which the air to the carburetor is drawn.
Parallel circuit: An electrical circuit with two or more resistance units so wired as to permit current to flow through both units at the same time. Unlike the series circuit, the current in the parallel circuit does not have to pass through one unit to reach the other.
Parallelogram steering linkage: A steering system using two short tie rods connected to the steering arms and to a long center link. The link is supported on one end on an idler arm and the other end is attached directly to the pitman arm. The arrangement forms a parallelogram shape.
Parking brake: Hand or foot operated brake which prevents vehicle movement while parked by locking rear wheels, or transmission output shaft. One type applies the rear brake shoes by mechanical means and the other type applies a brake band to a brake drum installed in the drivetrain. Also see emergency brake.
Parts car: A car that has been damaged beyond repair or restoration, or that has deteriorated badly. It is useful only as a source of parts. It may be drivable though unsafe, but it usually is not in drivable condition.
Pascal's law: A principle which states that when pressure is exerted on a confined liquid, it is transmitted undiminished. The law is particularly valid for hydraulic systems.
Passing gear: An automatic transmission gear that shifts a car into a lower gear for a short burst of extra power to pass other cars on the highway. The gear is engaged by sharply depressing the gas pedal. When the pedal is released, the car returns to normal to normal driving gear.
Patch: See contact patch.
Pawl: A bar, pin, or stud that can be moved, pivoted, or slid into engagement with teeth cut on another part, such as the parking pawl on the automatic transmission that can be slid into contact with teeth on another part to lock the rear wheels.
PCV system: Abbreviation for "positive crankcase ventilation" system. A system which prevents crankcase vapors from being discharged directly into the atmosphere. Also see closed crankcase ventilation.
PCV valve: Part of the positive crankcase ventilation system, which reroutes crankcase blow-by to the intake manifold and back to the engine, where it is reburned in the cylinders as part of the fuel-air mixture. This cuts emission pollution and increases fuel economy because unburned fuel in the blow-by is consumed the second time around. It also keeps the blow-by and water vapor from fouling the oil in the crankcase, thus reducing the formation of engine sludge.
Pean: *
Pedal: * See clutch pedal, low brake pedal, spongy pedal, and throttle pedal.
Pedal free travel: See clutch pedal free travel and free pedal play.
Pedal free play: See clutch pedal free travel and free pedal play.
Pedal to the metal: *
Peel: See orange peel.
Peel rubber: Rear wheels slipping on the highway during acceleration. Also called "burn rubber."
Peen: To flatten out the end of a rivet, etc., by pounding with the round end of a hammer.
Peerless: The 1926-28 Series 69; 1930-31 Custom 8; and 1932 Deluxe Custom 8 are classic cars
Pegaso: All models from 1951-58 are milestone cars
Penetrating oil: A special oil that is used to free rusted parts so that they can be removed.
Percolation: A condition in which the fuel actually boils due to excess heat. Percolation prevents proper atomization of the fuel causing rough running. Also see Anti-percolation valve
Perf: See Hi Perf
Periphery: The outside edge or circumference.
Permanent magnet: The permanent magnet does not need electricity to function and will retain its magnetism over a period of years.
Petcock: A small valve or tap which is used to control the flow of liquid. You may find one at the bottom of a radiator to permit draining the radiator. A petcock may also be found on the line coming from the gas tank in small engines and motorcycles. It allows you to cut the flow of gasoline going to the carburetor. On some motorcycles, the position of the petcock lever may permit draining the last part of the gas tank as a reserve position. In units where the carburetor is fed by gravity feed from a gas tank, turning off the petcock when the unit is not in operation may prevent gasoline from leaking past the carburetor's needle and seat and into the crankcase to dilute the oil.
Petrol: A British term for gasoline.
Petroleum: Raw material from which gasoline, kerosene, lubricating oils, propane, diesel fuel, etc. are refined. Consists primarily of hydrogen and carbon; but also contains other elements. Its source is decomposed organic matter which has been buried. Some used to think that the action of ice ages moved soil over great forests of tropical vegetation. The current suggestion is that great bodies of water flooded tropical vegetation in a cataclysmic event.
Peugeot: With required application the 1925-1948 models are classic cars
Phaeton: An open-type body with two cross seats, it usually accommodates five passengers. A folding windshield, folding weatherproof fabric top and removable side curtains are usually standard equipment. Also see Sport and Imperial phaeton.
Phillips head screw: A screw having a fairly deep cross slot instead of the single slot as used in conventional screws.
Phillips screwdriver: A screwdriver with a pointed tip that is shaped to fit the crossed slots in the heads of Phillips screws.
Phosphor-bronze: Bearing material composed of tin, lead and copper.
Photochemical: Relates to branch of chemistry where radiant energy (sunlight) produces various chemical changes.
Pick-up: See yoke.
Pick-up coil: The coil in which voltage is induced in an electronic ignition
Pierce-Arrow: The 1925-1948 models are classic cars
Piezoelectric ignition: A system of ignition that employs the use of a small section of ceramic-like material. When this material is compressed, even a very tiny amount it emits a high voltage that will fire the plugs this system does not need a coil, points or condenser.
Pigment: Finely ground powders in the paint that give it its color.
Pile: This is a steel or concrete bar which is driven into the ground to form part of the foundations for a building.
Pillar: A shaft or upright member holding up the roof. Also see A-post, B-post, and C-post.
Pilot bearing: See clutch pilot bearing.
Pilot shaft: A dummy shaft that is placed in a mechanism as a means of aligning the parts. It is then removed and the regular shaft installed.
Pin: A small cylinder used for fastening something or as a pivot. Also see "pawl," "piston pin," cotter pin, dowel pin, floating piston pin, hood pins, shear pin, spiral wrapped pin, and worm and taper pin.
Pin spanner: A wrench with pins on forked ends, used to turn an adjustable cup on a bottom bracket of a bicycle.
Ping: See "pinging."
Pinging: A metallic rattling sound produced by the engine during heavy acceleration when the ignition timing is too far advanced for the grade of fuel being burned. The noise is caused by vibrations in the cylinder walls, head, and piston. When an engine pings, the normal, controlled even spread of the flame front is disrupted by the spontaneous combustion of pockets of fuel. Their collision sets off the pressure waves that result in the pinging sound. Pinging can be caused by bad timing, inadequate octane rating, incorrect air/fuel mixture, a hot spot in the combustion chamber caused by a glowing piece of carbon, or an overheat condition. Also called "knocking." Also see detonation.
Pinion: A small, tapered gear which meshes with a larger gear or rack. It is found in two primary places in an automobile: the differential ring and pinion and the steering's rack and pinion. Also see rack and pinion gearbox and ring and pinion.
Pinion carrier: That part of the rear axle assembly that supports and contains the pinion gear shaft.
Pipes: Exhaust system pipes. Also see breather pipe, exhaust pipe, overflow pipe, and tail pipe.
Piston: A round or cylindrical plug, which closed at one end and open at the other. It slides up and down in the cylinder. It is attached to the connecting rod and when the fuel charge is fired, will transfer the force of the explosion to the connecting rod then to the crankshaft. Also see accumulator piston, autothermic piston, belted piston, cam-ground piston, and slipper piston.
Piston boss: The built-up area around the piston pin hole. Also see Boss.
Piston collapse: A reduction in the diameter of the piston skirt caused by heat and constant impact stresses. Also see Collapsed piston.
Piston displacement: Amount (volume) of air displaced by a piston when moved through the full length of its stroke. Also see displacement.
Piston head: That portion of the piston above the top ring.
Piston lands: That portion of the piston which is between the ring grooves.
Piston pin: A steel pin that is passed through the piston, it is used as a base upon which to fasten the upper end of the connecting rod. It is round and may be hollow. Also called "wrist pin" or "gudgeon pin." See floating piston pin.
Piston ring: A metal, split ring installed in the groove of the outside of the piston. The ring contacts the sides of the ring groove and also rubs against the cylinder wall thus sealing the space between the piston and the wall. Poor rings can cause poor compression and severe blow-by. Often seen as blue smoke out the exhaust pipe. See compression ring, dykes ring, and oil control ring.
Piston ring, chrome: A piston ring which has a thin layer of chrome plate on the outer edge.
Piston ring, compression: See compression ring.
Piston ring end gap: The distance left between the ends of the ring when installed in the cylinder.
Piston ring expander: A spring device placed under a piston ring to hold it snugly against the cylinder wall. Also see expander.
Piston ring gap: See "Piston ring end gap."
Piston ring groove: The slot or groove cut in the piston head to receive the piston ring. They run circumferentially around the top of the piston.
Piston ring job: Reconditioning the cylinders and installing new rings.
Piston ring, oil control: See oil control ring.
Piston ring, pinned: A steel pin, set into the piston, is placed in the space between the ends of the ring. The ring is thus kept from moving around in the groove.
Piston ring ridge: That portion of the cylinder above the top limit of ring travel. In a worn cylinder, this area is of a smaller diameter than the remainder of the cylinder and will leave a ledge or ridge that must be removed.
Piston ring side clearance: The space between the sides of the ring and the ring lands.
Piston skirt: That portion of the piston below the rings and bosses. (Some engines have an oil ring in the skirt area.)
Piston skirt expander: A spring device placed inside the piston skirt to produce an outward pressure which increases the diameter of the skirt.
Piston skirt expanding: Enlarging the diameter of the piston skirt by inserting an expander, by knurling the outer skirt surface, or by peening the inside of the piston.
Piston slap: The condition caused by too much clearance between the piston and the cylinder walls. The piston rattles or slaps against the wall of the cylinder. It makes a hollow, muffled, bell-like sound.
Pitch: 1. The back and forth rocking motion of a vehicle which compresses the front springs and extends the rear springs so that the nose of the vehicle is down while the tail is up. Then the action reverses so that the nose is up and the tail is down. 2. The distance between two threads on a bolt or screw.
Pitman arm: A short lever arm splined to the steering gear cross shaft, the pitman arm transmits the steering force from the cross shaft to the steering linkage system. In this way rotary motion of the steering wheel is turned to lateral movement of the arm. Also see idler arm.
Pits: Area at a race track for fuelling, tire changing, making mechanical repairs, etc.
Pit stop: A stop at the pits by racer, for fuel, tires, repairs, etc.
Pivot: A pin or shaft about which a part moves. The place at which a lever swivels. A lever cannot work without a pivot.
Pivot bolt: A bolt on which the arms of caliper brakes pivot and which also serves as the means for mounting the brakes on the bike frame. Also called "mounting bolt."
Plain gauge tubing: Tubing whose thickness remains constant over its entire length.
Plane: See inclined plane.
Planet carrier: That part of a planetary gearset upon which the planet gears are affixed. The planet gears are free to turn on hardened pins set into the carrier.
Planet gears: Those gears in a planetary gearset that are in mesh with both the ring and the sun gear. They are referred to as planet gears in that they orbit or move around the central or sun gear.
Planetary gearset: A gearing unit consisting of a ring gear with internal teeth, a sun or central pinion gear with external teeth, and a series of planet gears that mesh with both the ring and the sun gear. Frequently used in overdrives and automatic transmissions.
Planned obsolescence: A policy of manufacturers that encourages motorists to become dissatisfied with their cars so that they are eager to buy the latest model.
Plates: 1. Thin sections of lead peroxide or porous lead in a battery. There are two kinds of plates -- positive and negative. The plates are arranged in groups, in an alternate fashion, called "elements," they are completely submerged in the electrolyte. 2. Any basically flat surface used to mount another device. Also see baffle plate, brake backing plate, breaker plate, and clutch pressure plate.
Platinum: A precious metal sometimes used in the construction of breaker points. It conducts well and is highly resistant to burning.
Play: Movement between two parts.
Plexiglas: A trade name for an acrylic plastic, made by the Rhom and Haas Co.
Plies: See "ply."
Plug: See core plugs, glow plug, and spark plug.
Plug gap: See spark plug gap.
Plug gapping: Adjusting the side electrode on a spark plug to provide the proper air gap between it and the center electrode.
Ply: A layer of rubber-coated parallel cords which forms a unit of a tire carcass. The plies are made of cord, fiberglass, steel, or structural fabric. See bias tire and tire plies.
Ply rating: An indication of tire strength load carrying capacity, does not necessarily indicate actual number of plies. A two-ply four-ply rating tire would have the load capacity of a four-ply tire of the same size but would have only two actual plies.
Plymouth: The Fury for 1956-58 are milestone cars
Plymouth: The Satellite SS & GTX for 1965-70 are milestone cars
Plymouth: The Barracuda Formula S for 1965-69 are milestone cars
Plymouth: The Roadrunner & Superbird for 1968-70 are milestone cars
Pneumatic tire: Originally rubber tires were solid core. Dunlop invented a tire with an air filled tube. Later, tubeless tires were invented. The tire is filled with enough compressed air to support the weight of the vehicle and cushion road impacts.
Pneumatic trail: See self-aligning torque.
Pneumatics: The study of pressure and flow in gases. A pneumatic drill is operated by compressed air; a pneumatic tire contains compressed air.
Point gap: The space between the contact points when they are fully open. The distance of the gap will determine the effectiveness of the points.
Points: See boiling point, breaker points, and contact points.
Polar moment of inertia: See moment of inertia.
Polarity: 1. Indicates if the pole shoes are so magnetized as to make current low in a direction compatible with the direction of flow as set by the battery. 2. Indicates if the end of a magnet is the North or South pole (N or S). 3. Indicates if the battery terminal (either one) is positive or negative (plus or minus) (+ or -).
Polarizing: The process of sending a quick surge of current through the field windings of the generator in a direction that will cause the pole shoes to assume the correct polarity. This will insure that the generator will cause current to flow in the same direction as normal.
Pole: One end, either North or South, of a magnet. Also see negative pole, and north pole.
Pole shoes: Metal pieces about which the field coil windings are placed, when current passes through the windings, the pole shoes become powerful magnets, example: Pole shoes in a generator or starter motor.
Polishing: A term sometimes coupled with "porting," as in "porting and polishing." This is generally a process of blueprinting a two-stroke engine so that the intake and exhaust are polished and have no obstructions in the flow of fuel/air mix or exhaust gases. In this way the engine generally has more performance. A problem may arise when an individual ports and polishes too much.
Pollutant: See exhaust emissions.
Pollution: See air pollution.
Poly-glycotes: *
Polymer coating: A coating that prevents paint from oxidizing and so protects a car from premature fading and rusting. Professionally applied, it will last up to three years.
Pontiac: The Safari for 1955-57 are milestone cars
Pontiac: The GTO for 1964-69 are milestone cars
Pony car: Small, sporty car along the lines of the Mustang, Firebird, Camaro, etc.
Poppet valve: A valve structure consisting of a circular head with an elongated stem attached in the center, very much like the shape of a mushroom with a flat top. It is designed to open and close a circular hole or port. Its name comes from the fact that it pops up and down. In engines, it is the valve used to open and close the valve port entrances to the engine cylinders.
Porcelain: The material used to insulate the center electrode of a spark plug, it is hard and resistant to damage by heat.
Porsche: The Series 356 for 1949-64 are milestone cars
Porsche: The 356C for 1965 is a milestone car
Port: 1. Openings in engine cylinder blocks for exhaust and intake, valves and water connections. Also see adjustable variable exhaust port, exhaust port, intake port, transfer port, and valve port. 2. To smooth out, align, and somewhat enlarge the intake passageway to the valves or intake chambers (especially in two-stroke engines). 3. A small hole in the master brake cylinder to permit fluid to return to the reservoir. See compensating port and intake port.
Positive crankcase ventilation system: See closed crankcase ventilation.
Positive terminal: That terminal (such as that on the battery), to which the current flows. It is usually marked with the letters "pos" or a plus sign.
Post: The round, tapered lead posts protruding above the top of the battery to which the battery cables are attached. Also see A-post, B-post, and C-post.
Pot: A slang term for "carburetor."
Pot metal: *
Potential: An indication of the amount of available energy.
Potential energy: The mechanical energy possessed by a body due to its position. For example, water in a reservoir above a hydro-electric power station has high potential energy which is converted to work when it drives the turbines of the power station.
Pour point: The lowest temperature at which oil will pour, a test of its ability to flow and lubricate in cold weather.
Power: The rate of doing work. It is expressed in mass times distance over a period of time. Also see candle power and horsepower.
Power antenna: See antenna
Power assisted brakes: See brake booster.
Power booster: A device that uses engine vacuum to assist you in braking the car. Helps the brake pedal to activate the hydraulic pistons in the master cylinder.
Power brakes: A conventional hydraulic brake system that uses engine vacuum to operate a vacuum power piston, the power piston applies pressure to the brake pedal, or in some cases, directly to the master cylinder piston. This system reduces the amount of pedal pressure that the driver must exert to stop the car. Also called "vacuum-assisted brakes" or "hydraulic-assisted brakes." Also see brake booster.
Power seat: The cushions upon which the driver and or passengers sit which is adjusted by a control switch connected to a small electric motor. See also seat
Power steering: A steering system using hydraulic pressure to increase the driver's turning effort. As the driver turns the steering wheel, steering effort is reduced. The pressure is used either in the gearbox itself or in a hydraulic cylinder attached to the steering linkage. Also called power-assisted or assisted steering.
Power stroke: The third stroke of the four-stroke cycle. The piston moves downward from top dead center to bottom dead center as a result of the force of combustion acting on the top of the piston.
Power take off: The end of the crank (usually on the other side from the magneto or starter) where the motion of the crank is transferred to the transmission or power output.
Power valve: A valve in a carburetor that is operated by vacuum or mechanical linkage to provide more fuel at wide open throttle.
Powerglide: A two-speed automatic transmission offered by General Motors.
Powerplant: The automobile engine.
Power-to-weight ration: Ratio of horsepower to the weight of a vehicle.
Powertrain: See drivetrain.
Pratt and Whitney key: A bar like a flat key except the ends are oval shaped.
Pre-chamber: See "pre-combustion chamber."
Precision insert bearing: A very accurately made replaceable type of bearing, it consists of an upper and lower shell, the shells are made of steel to which a friction type bearing material has been bonded, connecting rod and main bearings are generally of the precision insert type.
Pre-combustion chamber: A small chamber located outside the combustion chamber of some cars in which a small amount of rich fuel-air mixture can be ignited to increase fuel efficiency and cut emissions. Found principally on diesel engines and stratified charge engines. Also called "pre-chambers."
Preheating: The application of some heat prior to the later application of more heat, cast iron is preheated to avoid cracking when the welding process is started. A coil (ignition) is preheated prior to testing. Also see converter preheating.
Preignition: The fuel charge being ignited before the proper time. Sometimes causes pinging or detonation. This is the combustion of the fuel/air mixture that is not a result of the spark plug's firing, but by high pressure, a flame, or a hot surface.
Preloading: Adjusting an antifriction bearing, ball joint, or spring so that it is under mild pressure, this prevents bearing looseness under driving stress.
Press, drill: See drill press.
Press fit: An interference fit. A fit so tight that an object must be removed with a puller or a press. Also see drive-fit.
Pressure: The force due to the weight of a substance exerted over the area the substance occupies. In metric measure, it is the force acting on each square metre. To calculate pressure, divide the force (in newtons) by the area (in square metres). It is measured in newtons per square metre (N/m²). In Imperial (U.S.) measure, it is measured in pounds per square inch (lb/in.²), abbreviated as psi. Also see atmospheric pressure, back pressure, center of pressure, clutch pressure plate, mean effective pressure, oil-combination splash and pressure system, oil-full pressure system, and static pressure.
Pressure bleeder: A device that forces brake fluid under pressure, into the master cylinder so that by opening the bleeder screws at the wheel cylinders, all air will be removed from the brake system.
Pressure cap: A special cap for the radiator, it holds a predetermined amount of pressure on the water in the cooling system, this enables the water to run hotter without boiling. In this way, the engine can operate at a higher and a more efficient temperature without danger of overheating. The cap also has a vacuum valve that lets air into the cooling system if the pressure falls too low to prevent outside air pressure from causing a partial collapse of the radiator.
Pressure plate: See clutch pressure plate.
Pressure radiator cap: See "pressure cap."
Pressure relief valve: A one-way valve designed to open at a specific pressure to prevent pressures in the system from exceeding certain limits. Also see blowoff valve.
Presta valve: A bicycle tube valve whose stem has a small nut on top, which must be loosened during inflation, instead of a spring such as is found on the Schrader valve.
Primary brake shoe: The brake shoe that is first to press against the brake drum. The other shoe is the secondary shoe. When both shoes are pressing against the drum, the amplifiction of forces is called "servo action."
Primary circuit: The low voltage (6 or 12 volts) path of the ignition system which goes from the positive pole of the battery to the primary windings of the coil, through the breaker points, and into the ground which leads back to the negative pole of the battery.
Primary compression: *
Primary forward brake shoe: The brake shoe that is installed facing the front of the car, it will be a self-energizing shoe.
Primary terminal: The clip found inside the distributor which allows electric current to pass from the points to the condenser and provides the insulation to keep the current from contacting other metal parts.
Primary winding: The low voltage (6 or 12 volt) winding in ignition coil, the primary winding is heavy wire; secondary winding uses fine wire.
Primary wires: The wiring which serves the low voltage part of the ignition system. Wiring from battery to switch, resistor, coil, distributor points.
Prime coat: Primer or surfacer applied to the old paint or bare metal before the finish coat is applied.
Primer: The surfacer that acts as a bond between the metal surface or old paint and the color coat.
Printed circuit: An electrical circuit made by connecting the units with electrically conductive lines printed on a panel, this eliminates actual wire and the task of connecting it.
Progressive linkage: Carburetor linkage designed to open the throttle valves of multiple carburetors. It opens one to start with and when a certain opening point is reached, it will start to open the others.
Progressive suspension: A system in which the suspension stiffness changes depending on the amount of change required. On light bumps, the suspension is soft; but on greater bumps, the suspension is stiff.
Progressive transmission: An older version of a manual transmission. When you wanted to go from low gear to the highest gear, you had to go through all the gears in between. Likewise when you wanted to go from the highest gear to the lowest, you had to procede through all the intermediate gears.
Prony brake: A device using a friction brake to measure the horsepower output of an engine.
Prop Shaft: Abbreviation for "Propeller shaft." See driveshaft.
Propane: A petroleum product, similar to and often mixed with butane, that is useful as an engine fuel. This term is used primarily in Canada for LPG.
Propeller shaft: The shaft connecting the transmission output shaft to the differential pinion shaft. Also see driveshaft.
Propeller shaft safety strap: See drive shaft safety strap.
Proper proportion of air and fuel: One of the essential factors in a combustion engine (Fuel, Air, Proper proportion of mixture, Compression, Timing, Spark).
Proportioning valve: See brake proportioning valve.
Proton: A positive charge particle forming part of the atom.
Pucks: See brake pads.
Pull it down: A term often used in reference to dismantling and overhauling an engine. Same as "tear it down."
Puller: * See stud puller.
Pulley: A grooved wheel carrying a string, rope, chain, or belt which turns the wheel. Also see crankshaft pulley, idler pulley, and jockey pulley.
Pulsation damper: A device used to smooth out the pulsations or surges of fuel from the fuel pump to the carburetor. Also see damper
Pulser coil: *
Pump: * Also see accelerator pump, air pump, fuel pump, oil pump, vacuum pump, and water pump.
Pumping, oil: See oil pumping.
Pumping the gas pedal: Forcing the accelerator up and down in an endeavor to provide extra gasoline to the cylinders, this is often the cause of flooding. It is especially harmful to cars with fuel injection.
Purchase price: *
Push rod: The rod that connects the valve lifter to one end of the rocker arm. Used on valve-in-head installations where the cam is below the piston and the valves are above the piston. The rods are moved by the cam and activate the valve lifter. Engines with overhead cams do not need push rods because the camshaft connects to the valves directly.
Putty: See body putty.
Pylon: A marker for controlling traffic.
Pyroxylin paint: An early type of quick drying synthetic paint.
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Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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Race: The inner or outer ring that provides a contact surface for the balls or rollers in a bearing.
Race camshaft: A camshaft, other than stock, designed to improve engine performance by altering cam profile. Provides increased lift, faster opening and closing, earlier opening and later closing, etc. Race camshafts are available as semi-race or street grind, three-fourths race or full race. Grinds in between these general categories are also available. Also see three-quarter race camshaft.
Rack and pinion gearbox: A type of steering system with a pinion gear on the end of the steering shaft. The pinion engages a long rack (a bar with a row of teeth cut along one edge). When the steering wheel is turned, the pinion turns and moves the rack to the left or right. This movement is carried through tie rods to the steering arms at the wheels.
Rack-and-pinion steering: See "rack and pinion gearbox."
Radial engine: An engine with a number of cylinders arranged in a circle around the crankshaft center line. A design often used for aircraft engines.
Radial ply: See "radial tire."
Radial tire: A type of tire construction which has the main carcass plies or cords which run at right angles to the bead and parallel to the radius. By itself, this construction is very weak because when the bias angle is smaller, the structure is stiff. However, the radial tire has a very large bias angle. In order to strengthen the tire, a belt surrounds the circumference. This belt is made of low-angle plies (usually about 15 degrees). In this way, the tread area is stiff and the sidewalls are flexible. In this way they can act independently of each other. In a P185/80R13 tire, R indicates a radial tire.
Radiation: The transfer of heat from one object to another when the hotter object sends out invisible rays or waves that upon striking the colder object, cause it to vibrate and thus heat.
Radiator: A device that cools the liquid in the cooling system by allowing it to circulate through a series of water channels, which are exposed to air ducts. Also see "rodding the radiator" and heat exchanger.
Radiator cap: See pressure cap.
Radiator fill hole: An opening at the top of the radiator through which new water and coolant can be added. The pressure cap seals the fill hole.
Radiator pressure cap: See pressure cap.
Radio: Automobile radios began to appear in vehicles in 1928.
Radius rods: Rods or arms which is part of the suspension, usually a live rear axle. They are attached to the axle and pivoted on the frame. They are used to keep the axle at right angles to the frame (i.e., prevent lateral movement) and yet permit an up and down motion. On some cars like the Triumph Spitfire, they are used to help locate the swing axles.
Rag: See tack rag.
Ragtop: Convertible.
Rail: A dragster built around a relatively long pipe frame. The only body panels used are around the driver's cockpit area.
Rail, shift: See shift rails.
Railton (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Rake: See fork rake.
Raked: Ground clearance, at either front or rear of the car, reduced or increased, thus giving the car a tilted appearance.
Ram induction: Using the forward momentum of car to scoop air and force it into carburetor via a suitable passageway.
Ram intake manifold: An intake manifold that has very long passageways that at certain speeds aid the entrance of fuel mixture into the cylinders.
Ratchet: A feature of a special wrench which allows you to turn the handle in one direction to tighten a nut or bolt, but turning it in the opposite direction does nothing but position the handle back where you started and leaves the wrench on the nut or bolt. Likewise you could set the wrench to loosen a nut or bolt. Also see socket wrench.
Rated horsepower: S.A.E. horsepower.
Ratio: A fixed relationship between things in number, quantity or degree. For example, if the fuel mixture contains one part of gas for fifteen parts of air, the ratio would be 15 to 1. See air-fuel ratio and aspect ratio
Rattrap: The type of bicycle pedals that have thin metal plates with jagged edges running parallel on each side of the pedal spindle.
Raymond-Mays (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Reactor: See stator and thermal reactor.
Rear axle housing, banjo type: A rear axle housing from which the differential unit may be removed while the housing remains in place on the car. The housing is solid from side to side.
Rear axle housing, split type: A rear axle housing made up of several pieces and bolted together. The housing must be split apart to remove the differential.
Rear axle ratio: The number of times the rear wheels turn compared to a particular transmission speed. The higher the rear axle ratio, the slower the engine can run and still allow the car to achieve a given speed.
Rear suspension: See independent rear suspension.
Rear triangle: A bicycle frame triangle formed by the chainstays, seatstays, and the seat tube.
Rebuild: To disassemble a particular device, clean it thoroughly, replace worn parts, and reassemble it. Also called "overhauling."
Recharge: *
Reciprocating action: A back-and-forth or up-and-down movement such as the action of the pistons.
Recirculating-ball-and-nut steering: A very popular type of steering gear. It uses a series of ball bearings that feed through and around and back through the grooves in the worm gear and nut on the steering shaft. The turning forces are transmitted through these ball bearing to a sector gear on the pitman-arm shaft. When the steering wheel is turned, the worm gear on the end of the steering shaft rotates and the movement of the recirculating balls causes the ball nut to move up and down along the worm. Movement of the ball nut is carried by teeth to the sector gear which in turn moves with the ball nut to rotate the pitman-arm shaft and activate the steering linkage. The balls recirculate from one end of the ball nut to the other through a pair of ball return guides. This system is also called ball-and-nut steering or worm-and-recirculating-ball steering.
Recirculating ball worm and nut: See "recirculating-ball-and-nut steering."
Recirculation: See exhaust-gas recirculation.
Recovery system: See coolant recovery system and vapor recovery system.
Rectifier: A device used to change AC (alternating current) into DC (direct current). Some small motorcycles use a single diode for this purpose (half-wave rectifiers), the overwhelming majority use four diodes connected in a bridge which yields full-wave rectification. Also see diode
Red line: 1. Top recommended engine rpm. If a tachometer is used, it will have a mark (red line) indicating maximum rpm. 2. Tires with a red concentric line which were marketed in the late '60s and early 70s.
Reducer: The solvent that is used to thin enamel.
Reed valve: A one-way valve used in a two-cycle engine. It is made of a flat strip of metal that lies on the floor of the crankcase over a hole connected to the carburetor. As the piston moves up, the vacuum developed in the crankcase lifts the reed valve off the hole. The vacuum causes the fuel-air mixture to flow from the carburetor into the crankcase. Then, as the piston starts to move down, pressure increases in the crankcase pushing the reed valve down, closing the hole and sealing the crankcase.
Reel: See inertia reel.
Reformulated gasolines: Fuels with less volatility and reduced levels of especially toxic hydrocarbons.
Refrigerant: The liquid used in refrigeration systems to remove heat from the evaporator coils and carry it to the condenser. It absorbs and gives up heat as it changes from a liquid to a gas to a liquid. Freon-12 was a common automotive refrigerant, but it has been replaced by C134.
Refrigerant-12: The name applied to refrigerant generally used in automotive air conditioning systems. Also called Freon-12.
Regulator, voltage: See voltage regulator.
Regulator: A device to reduce and control pressure in gas or liquid.
Relay: A magnetically operated switch used to make and break the flow of current in a circuit. As low amperage current is passed through one circuit of the relay, it switches a greater current through another line. For example, when installing auxillary lights with a heavy draw, the stock light switch may not be able to take the current. Thus a relay is installed so that when the light switch is turned on, low current is sent to the relay. The relay closes the circuit of heavy wiring directly from the battery to the lights. Also called "cutout" and "circuit breaker."
Release fingers: See clutch semi-centrifugal release fingers.
Relief valve: See pressure relief valve.
Relieve: Removing, by grinding, the small lip of metal between the valve seat area and the cylinder and removing any other metal deemed necessary to improve the flow of fuel mixture into the cylinders. Porting is generally done at the same time.
Remover: See bug and tar remover
Renault (45 HP) (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Reo (1931-33 Royale 8-31, Royale 8-35, Royale 8-52, and Royale Custom 8 and 1934 N1, N2, and 8-52): A classic car
Repro: Abbreviation for "reproduction."
Reproduction: Parts or complete vehicles that have been manufactured to closely follow or exceed original specifications, materials, and performance. Also called "repro" or "repros." These parts often are so perfect that not even a concours judge can tell that they are not NOS or OEM.
Resin: A liquid plastic used in body work.
Resistance: A measure of a conductors ability to retard the flow of electricity. Also see air resistance.
Resistor: A device placed in a circuit to lower the voltage. It will also decrease the flow of current. Also see ballast resistor.
Resistor spark plug: A spark plug containing a resistor designed to shorten both the capacitive and inductive phases of the spark. This will suppress radio interference and lengthen electrode life. Using a non-resistor spark plug may also damage a CDI box.
Re-sleeve: This is a term used of the piston cylinders. The old cylinder inserts are completely removed and new inserts or sleeves are pressed in. This action is done when the cylinder cannot be rebored. Also see cylinder sleeve.
Resonator: A small muffler like device that is placed into the exhaust system near the end of the tail pipe. It is used to provide additional silencing of the exhaust.
Restoration: Restoring a vehicle to its original condition (including original parts, paint, chroming processes, etc.) rather than merely rebuilding or repairing one.
Restraint: See head restraint.
Retard: 1. To set the ignition timing so that a spark occurs later or less degrees before TDC. It involves adjusting the camshaft, distributor spark, or valve operation. In this way, the sparkplugs fire or the valves open later in the cycle. Also see spark retard. The opposite of advance. 2. The device for doing this action.
Retainer: See valve keeper.
ReVere (1925-1948): A classic car
Reverse brake shoe: See trailing brake shoe.
Reverse-Elliot type axle: A solid bar front axle on which the steering knuckles span or straddle the axle ends.
Reverse flush: Cleaning the cooling system by pumping a powerful cleaning agent through the system in a direction opposite to that of normal flow.
Reverse idler gear: A gear used in the transmission to produce a reverse rotation of the transmission output shaft.
Revolutions per minute (RPM): The speed the engine crankshaft is turning. Also see rpm.
Ricardo principle: An arrangement in which a portion of the combustion chamber came in very close contact with the piston head. The other portion, off to one side, contained more space. As the piston neared TDC on the compression stroke, the fuel mixture was squeezed tightly between the piston and head thus causing the mixture to squirt outward into the larger area in a very turbulent manner. This produced a superior mixture and allowed compression ratios to be raised without detonation.
Riding the clutch: Riding the clutch refers to the driver resting his foot on the clutch pedal while the car is being driven.
Right: When referring to the side of a unit, the right side is always from the perspective of operation. In other words, when sitting in the driver's seat or when pushing a mower, the right side is the operator's right side.
Right-hand thread: Also see left-hand thread.
Riley (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Riley 2.5 (RMA, RME) (1945-55): A milestone car
Rim: On a bicycle, the metal or wooden hoop of a wheel that holds the tire and tube and the outer ends of the spokes. Also see drop center rim and safety rim.
Rim brake: Any type of brake that slows or stops a wheel by pressing its pads against the sides of the wheel rim.
Ring: See balk ring, oil control ring, piston ring, and snap ring.
Ring and pinion: A term used to describe the differential drive pinion and ring gear. Also see final drive ratio.
Ring, chrome: See piston ring, chrome.
Ring, compression: See piston ring, compression.
Ring end gap: See piston ring end gap.
Ring expander: See piston ring expander.
Ring gap: See piston ring end gap.
Ring gear: 1. The large bevel, circular gear which is attached to the flange or carrier of the differential case. It meshes with the drive pinion on the end of the propeller shaft. 2. The outer gear in a planetary gear setup. Also see flywheel ring gear.
Ring groove: See piston ring groove.
Ring job: See piston ring job.
Ring, pinned: See piston ring, pinned.
Ring ridge: See piston ring ridge.
Ring side clearance: See piston ring side clearance.
Rings: See piston rings.
Rising-rate suspension: A suspension type where the spring rate increases when the wheels move further into jounce. This action can be accomplished by configuring the geometric shape of the suspension, by using springs which change tension as they are compressed, or by using two or more springs with rubber stops. The purpose of a rising-rate suspension is to maintain consistent ride and handling characteristics under a variety of situations: loaded or unloaded, straight roads or curves, and smooth roads or bumpy.
Riser: See heat riser.
Rivet: A metal pin used to hold two objects together. One end of the pin has a head and the other end must be set or peened over to create another head.
Road feel: The feeling imparted to the steering wheel by the wheels of a car in motion. This feeling can be very important in sensing and predetermining vehicle steering response.
Roadster: An open-type body with one cross seat and a luggage compartment in the rear deck. The weatherproof fabric top may be folded, and side curtains may be removed. The windshield usually may be folded down. Also see sport roadster.
Roamer (1925 8-88, 6-54e, 4-75; 1926 4-75e and 8-88; 1927; 1928; 1929 8-88; 1929 8-125; 1930 8:125): A classic car
Robertson screw:
Rochet-Schneider (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Rocker arm: A curved lever that pivots in the middle. One end is attached to the top of the valve stem. In overhead-valve engines the other end is attached to the push rod. In some overhead-cam engines the other end is attached directly to the camshaft lobe. As the camshaft rotates, the rocker arms pivot causing the valves to open and close. Also see ball joint rocker arm and high lift rocker arms.
Rocker arm cover: A metal lid located on top of the cylinder head on cars that have valves that are activated by an overhead cam or by rocker arms. See valve cover.
Rocker arm shaft: The shaft upon which the rocker arms are mounted.
Rocker panel: That section of the car body between the front and rear fenders and beneath the doors.
Rockwell hardness: A measurement of the degree of hardness of a given substance.
Rod: 1. A modified car. Also see street rod. 2. To drive a car hard. 3. A connecting rod. See connecting rod, boxed rod, and throwing a rod. 4. To clean out a radiator by passing a rod through the lines. See "rodding the radiator." 5. A thin bar. See boxed rod, metering rod, panhard rod, push rod, "radius rods," tie rod, and TV rod.
Rod bearing: See big-end bearing.
Rodding the radiator: The top and sometimes, the bottom tank of the radiator is removed. The core is then cleaned by passing a cleaning rod down through the tubes. This is done when radiators are quite clogged with rust, scale and various mineral deposits.
Rohr (1925-1948): A classic car
Roll: The motion of a vehicle in which the springs on one side of the car compress while the springs on the other side extend. If the roll is extensive, the car will fall on its side. Also see Anti-roll bar.
Roll cage: A protective structure which surrounds the driver in the event of a rollover or crash. It includes a rollbar and other bars welded to the rollbar. The roll cage also adds chassis strength and stiffness which makes for better handling characteristics.
Roll center: A term which is used to describe the point around which the body of the vehicle rolls when it corners. If the movement of the vehicle is controlled only by linkages, the roll center can be discovered by the geometry of the suspension.
Roll pin: See spiral wrapped pin.
Roll resistance: See "Roll stiffness."
Roll steer: A characteristic of handling which gives a slight improvement to steering as the suspension moves in body roll. Sometimes a bad roll steer occurs when the suspension is poorly designed.
Roll stiffness: The turning moment or torque that the suspension makes when the body rolls and the suspension tries to pull the body back to its normal upright position. It is usually measured in lb-ft/degree of roll. When the springs are stiffer or when the perpendicular distance from the springs to the roll center is greater then the roll stiffness increases. As a result, the the car corners flatter. Also called roll resistance.
Rollbar: A heavy steel bar or tubular steel that goes from one side of the frame, up and around in back of the driver in a hoop, and back down to the other side of the frame. It is used to protect the driver in the event his car rolls over.
Roller: A device for replacing sliding friction with rolling friction. Also see worm and roller.
Roller bearing: A bearing using a series of straight, cupped, or tapered rollers engaging an inner and outer ring or race. Also see tapered roller bearing.
Rollercam brakes: Mountain bike brakes that are attached to the frame posts and use a cam and pulley system to modify pressure on the rims.
Roller clutch: A clutch, using a series of rollers placed in ramps, that will provide drive power in one direction but will slip or freewheel in the other direction.
Roller tappets: Valve lifters that have a roller placed on the end contacting the camshaft. This is done to reduce friction between the lobe and lifter. They are generally used when special camshafts and high tension valve springs have been installed. Also called "roller lifters."
Roller lifters: See "roller tappets."
Rollers: A stationary training device that consists of a boxlike frame and three rotating cylinders (one for a bike's front wheel and two for its rear wheel) on which the bicycle is balanced and ridden.
Rolling radius: The distance from the center of the tire's ground contact patch to the center of the wheel rim.
Rolling resistance: As the wheels begin to turn, there are forces which resist its motion such as low tire pressure, rough road surface, increased tire temperature, tire composition, and increased vehicle weight.
Rolls-Royce (1925-1948): A classic car
Rolls-Royce (All) (1947-67): A milestone car
Romeo: See Alfa Romeo
Rotator: See valve rotator.
Rotor: 1. A small rotating device in a distributor. It is located on the breaker cam inside the cap. It connects between the center electrode and the various outer sparkplug terminals as it turns, thus distributing the high voltage from the coil secondary winding to the proper sparkplug. 2. A rotating armature inside a stator. As the rotor turns within the stator, electricity is produced to power the electical components. 3. A trichoidal device in a rotary engine.
Rotary engine: An internal combustion engine which is not of a reciprocating (piston) engine design. There is no true crankshaft, although the power-take-off shaft is sometimes called the crankshaft. It is stationary or fixed in that it simply spins in place. The central rotor turns in one direction only and yet produces the required intake, compression, firing and exhaust strokes. Because it uses rotary motion instead of reciprocating motion, the rotary engine has better balance and less vibration than piston engines. Two common rotary engines are the gas turbine and the Wankel.
Rotary flow: The movement of the oil as it is carried around by the pump and turbine in a torque converter. The rotary motion is not caused by the oil passing through the pump, to turbine, to stator, etc., as is the case with vortex flow. Rotary flow is at right angles to the center line of the converter whereas vortex flow is parallel (more or less depending on the ratio between the speeds of the pump and turbine).
Rotation: See tire rotation.
Rotor: A cap-like unit placed on the end of the distributor shaft. It is in constant contact with the distributor cap central terminal and as it turns, it will conduct the secondary voltage to one of the outer terminals.
Roughing stone: A coarse stone used for quick removal of material during honing.
Rubber: All the rubber seals, mats, and pads that cushion and protect car windows, trim, handles, bumper sections, carpets, etc.
Rubbing block: A little block located on the movable point that contacts the distributor cam wheel and causes the points to open. A spring causes the points to close.
Rubbing compound: A polish that contains abrasives harsh enough to remove layers of "dead" paint. Useful in radical restoration procedures, rubbing compounds should not be used on new cars or those with delicate finishes.
Rumble: 1. A noise found in high-compression engines and associated with bending vibration of the crankshaft. It is caused by abnormally high rates of pressure rise near top dead center. 2. A vibration caused by loose components.
Rumble seat: An open-air seat at the back of some older automobiles. Called a "dickey" in Britain.
Run on: Condition when the engine continues to run, even when the key is turned off. See dieseling.
Run-in: See break-in.
Running board: *
Running-fit: A fit in which sufficient clearance has been provided to enable the parts to turn freely and to receive lubrication.
Runout: The amount a gear or wheel moves in and out away from its true center as it is rotated. If runout is excessive the gear or wheel can be seen to wobble as it rotates. Also see vacuum runout point.
Ruxton (1925-1948): A classic car
____________________________
Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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mõiste, sõnavara, sõnastik, termin, inglise keel
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Quadrant: The gearshift selector indicator marked PRNDL.
Quartz-halogen bulb: A bulb with an inner quartz bulb which holds a tungsten filament. Usually the inner bulb contains an inert gas such as iodine or one of the other five halogen gases. The use of a halogen gas prevents the bulb from turning black and thus reducing the amount of light output. Because this type of bulb requires intense heat, a quartz inner bulb is needed instead of glass. As a result, the quartz-halogen bulb produces more light per watt of electrical power. When replacing a quartz-halogen bulb, it is important not to touch the outer bulb with your fingers. The moisture and oils deposited on the glass will cause the glass to break under the high temperature.
Quench area: A zone in the combustion chamber where the piston at top dead center is very close to the cylinder head. Because the piston and cylinder head is cooler than the unburned part of the fuel-air mixture (i.e., end gas), they pull the heat from the end gas. Because the end gas is now cooler, detonation is quenched or reduced. However, the process does form unburned hydrocarbons.
Quenching: Dipping a heated object into water, oil or other substance, to quickly reduce the temperature.
Quick-release: A cam-lever mechanism used to rapidly tighten or loosen a wheel on a bike frame, a seatpost in a seat tube, or a brake cable within cable housing.
Quick-release skewer: A thin rod that runs through the center of a wheel axle; a cam-lever is attached to one end and the other end is threaded to receive a nut.
Quicksilver: The metal mercury. Often used in thermometers.
Quill: Similar to the rattrap type of bicycle pedal except that the two sides of the pedal frame are joined by a piece of metal that loops around the dust cap.
Quill-type bearing: See needle bearing.
____________________________
Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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mõiste, sõnavara, sõnastik, termin, inglise keel
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Saddle: 1. Seat on a bicycle. 2. Metal piece on a centerpull brake. See yoke.
S.A.E. horsepower: A simple formula of long standing is used to determine horsepower. The formula is: (bore diameter) squared times (number of cylinders) divided by 2.5. This formula is used primarily for licensing purposes and is not too accurate a means of determining actual brake horsepower. Also called rated horsepower. Compare S.A.E. net horsepower.
S.A.E. net horsepower: The brake power (power available at the flywheel or output shaft) of a fully equipped engine fitted with all the accessories necessary to perform its intended functions unaided.
Safety: See active safety
Safety rim: A wheel rim with a ridge on the inner edge of the ledge on which the tire bead rides. The ridge holds the tire on the rim in case of a blowout.
Sand scratch swelling: Solvents present in surface scratches that cause the old finish to swell.
Sand scratches: The marks left in metal or in the old finish by abrasives. They may also show in the finish coat due to lack of filling or sealing.
Sanding block: A block of rubber or plastic to which the sandpaper is fastened, offering the operator a good grip. The block should be used for most sanding jobs because it distributes the pressure evenly and gives a more uniform surface.
Safety, active: See active safety.
Safety factor: Providing strength beyond that needed, as an extra margin of insurance against part failure.
Safety hubs: A device that is installed on the rear axle to prevent the wheels leaving the car in the event of a broken axle.
Safety pressure cap: See pressure cap.
Safety rim: A rim having two safety ridges, one on each lip, to prevent the tire beads from entering the drop center area in the event of a blowout. This feature keeps the tire on the rim.
Safety strap: See driveshaft safety strap.
Safety valve: A valve designed to open and relieve the pressure within a container when container pressure exceeds a predetermined level.
Sampling: See constant-volume sampling.
Sand blast: Cleaning by the use of sand propelled at high speeds in an air blast.
Saybolt viscometer: An instrument used to determine the fluidity or viscosity (resistance to flow) of an oil.
Scale: The accumulation of rust and minerals within the cooling system.
Scatter shield: A steel or nylon guard placed around the bell or clutch housing to protect driver and spectator from flying parts in the event of part failure at high rpm. Such a shield is often placed around transmissions and differential units.
Scavenging: The removal of the exhaust gases from the cylinder by using the momentum of the exhaust gases in a long exhaust pipe or by taking advantage of the pressure waves set up in the exhaust pipe by the discharge of the gases.
Schrader valve: A bicycle tire valve similar to the type found on automobile tires.
Scissors jack: A device for lifting a corner of the car. As it is applied, the arms are in the shape of the letter "X" or a diamond.
Scoop: See airscoop
Score: A scratch or groove on a finished surface. It is usually caused by dirt or some other object which mars the finish. Cylinder walls, for instance, can be scored by broken rings or a piston pin clip which has come loose.
Screw: A spiral path along a cylinder. A screw is like an inclined plane wrapped up. It can take a rotating force and change it into a much larger straight-line force. Also see idle air bleed screw, idle mixture screw, idle speed screw, Phillips head screw, Robertson screw, and "self-tapping screw."
Screw extractor: A device used to remove broken bolts, screws, etc., from holes.
Scrub radius: See negative offset steering.
Seal: Any device designed to keep substances from going out of where it should belong. Also see apex seal, grease seal, and oil seal.
Sealed beam headlight: A headlight lamp in which the lens, reflector, and filament are fused together to form a single unit. They are relatively inexpensive, but when one component breaks, the whole unit is replaced. Newer vehicles use the more expensive composite type with separate bulb and lens which can be replaced individually in the event of failure. Only a few types of bulbs are used in the composite headlight, but the lens differs because it is shaped to the contour of the vehicle.
Sealed beam unit: See "sealed beam headlight."
Sealed bearing: A bearing that has been lubricated at the factory and then sealed, it cannot be lubricated during service. It is sealed to keep out contaminants.
Sealer: 1. A substance you can add to the liquid in the cooling system to seal leaks. Also called "stop leak." 2. Other kinds of sealing compounds are used to coat surfaces before installing hoses or gaskets. These are effective in preventing leakage but usually make the hose or gasket hard to remove. 3. An intercoat between the top coat and the primer or old finish, giving better adhesion.
Seamed tubing: Tubing made from steel strip stock that is curved until its edges meet, then welded together.
Seamless tubing: Tubing made from solid blocks of steel that are pierced and drawn into tube shape.
Seat: 1. A surface upon which another part rests or seats. Example: Valve seat is matched surface upon which valve face rests. See valve seat. 2. Minor wearing of the piston ring surface during initial use. Rings then fit or seat properly against the cylinder wall. 3. The cushions on which the driver and passengers rest. Also see bench seat, bucket seat, power seat, rumble seat, "saddle", and "split bench seat." 4. A metering control that is regulated by a needle. See needle and seat.
Seat cluster: On a bicycle, the conjunction of top tube, seat tube, and seatstays near the top of the seat.
Seatpost: On a bicycle, the part to which the saddle clamps and which runs down inside the seat tube.
Seatstays: On a bicycle, the parallel tubes that run from the top of the seat tube back to the rear axle.
Seat tube: On a bicycle, the tube that runs from just below the saddle down to the bottom bracket.
Secondary brakeshoe: See primary brake shoe and trailing brake shoe.
Secondary circuit: The high voltage part of the ignition system.
Secondary compression: *
Secondary, reverse, or trailing brake shoe: The brake shoe that is installed facing the rear of the car.
Secondary wires: The high voltage wire from the coil to the distributor tower and from the tower to the spark plugs.
Sector: See worm and sector.
Sedan: An enclosed four-door body type, it has permanent back panels and top with full-width cross seats front and rear, and passenger capacity from five to seven depending on wheelbase. Longer-wheelbase models accept extra passengers in fold-down auxiliary seats. Sedans usually have quarter windows in the rear quarter in addition to windows in all four doors. Trunk racks often were standard offerings. Also see close-coupled sedan, convertible sedan, imperial sedan, and landaulet sedan.
Sediment: An accumulation of matter which settles to the bottom of a liquid.
Seize: See freezing.
Self-aligning torque: A torque which is created by the tire when the car corners. The force created at the tire patch acts toward the rear of the actual center of the wheel. This action is called pneumatic trail. It has the same effect as positive caster and can be increased by increasing the positive caster. Thus the trail distance (distance from the point at which the cornering force acts to the center of the wheel or steering axis) is a moment arm that results in a torque that tends to decrease the existing slip angle and force the wheel back to the straight-ahead position. This self-aligning torque is transmitted through the steering mechanism to the steering wheel and can be felt as steering effort or road feel.
Self-energizing brake shoe: A brake shoe (sometimes both shoes) that when applied develops a wedging action that actually assists or boosts the braking force applied by the wheel cylinder. Also see primary brake shoe.
Self-levelling suspension: See automatic levelling.
Self-tapping screw: A screw which cuts its own thread into the hole.
Semi-centrifugal release fingers: See clutch semi-centrifugal release fingers.
Semi-elliptic springs: A type of leaf spring that takes its name from the shape which is part of an ellipse. Also see leaf springs.
Semi-floating axle: Type of axle commonly used in modern car. The outer end of the axle shaft does two things: 1. it supports the weight of the car and 2. it is the means of propulsion. The inner end of the axle shaft which is splined, "floats" in differential gear. In this design a single bearing is placed between the axle shaft and the axle bearing; to remove the axle the wheel must first be removed.
Semi-trailing arm: A type of independent rear suspension where the pivot axes are usually at about 25 degrees to a line running straight across the car. This arrangement gives rear-wheel camber somewhere between that of a pure trailing arm (which has no camber change relative to the body) and a swing axle (which has large camber change).
Sensor: See oxygen sensor.
Sensing device: See electronic sensing device.
Separators: Wood, rubber or plastic sheets inserted between the positive and negative plates in a battery to prevent contact. Also see vapor separator and water separator.
Sequence: See cylinder sequence.
Series circuit: A circuit with two or more resistance units so wired that the current must pass through one unit before reaching the other.
Series-parallel circuit: A circuit of three or more resistance units in which a series and a parallel circuit are combined.
Service manual: A handbook published by a car manufacturer or a specialized publishing company that contains instructions and specifications for the maintenance and repair of specific cars. They also include wiring diagrams and troubleshooting guides. Most service manuals deal with only one make, model, or year, and nearly all are intended for professionals or the very experienced amateur.
Service writer: At many dealerships, the person responsible for writing repair orders (work orders) is the service writer. He communicates to the mechanic and service manager the problems in your vehicle that you have outlined. He also estimates the nature and cost of repairs and gives you an idea when the work will be finished.
Servo: An oil operated device used to push or pull another part, such as tightening the transmission brake bands.
Servo action brakes: Brakes so constructed as to have one end of the primary shoe bearing against the end of the secondary shoe. When the brakes are applied, the primary shoe attempts to move in the direction of the rotating drum and in so doing applies force to the secondary shoe. This action, called "servo action," makes less brake pedal pressure necessary and is widely used in brake construction.
Settling: Pigment in the paint collecting at the bottom of the spray gun container.
Sew-up tire: A bicycle tire with an inner tube stitched inside the casing; also known as a tubular.
Shackle: A swinging support which is used to attach the ends of a leaf spring to the frame of the car. The shackle is needed to take care of the changes in length of the spring as it moves up and down.
Shaft: * See clutch shaft, cross shaft, distributor shaft, halfshaft, input shaft, output shaft, pilot shaft, prop shaft, propeller shaft, rocker arm shaft, and "splined shaft."
Shake: See cowl shake.
Shallow angles: Angles that position bicycle frame tubes relatively farther from vertical and closer to horizontal than do steep angles.
Shave: 1. Removal of some chrome or decorative part. 2. Removal of metal from the contact surface of the cylinder head or the block.
Shear pin: * Also see "spiral wrapped pin."
Shelby 350GT & 500 GT (1965-67): A milestone car and AC (Shelby) Cobra
Shield: See "scatter shield," "splash shield," and "static shield."
Shift forks: The devices that straddle slots cut in sliding gears. The fork is used to move the gear back and forth on the shaft.
Shift lever: See gearshift.
Shift linkage: The rods, levers, etc. used to transmit motion of the shift lever into movement of the gears in a gearbox.
Shift point: This refers to the point, either in engine rpm or road speed, at which the transmission should be shifted to the next gear.
Shift rails: Sliding rods upon which the shift forks are attached. Used for shifting the transmission (manual).
Shifters: See index shifters.
Shim: A thin spacer installed between two units to increase the distance between them.
Shimmy: The front wheels shaking or vibration from side to side because the front end is out of alignment or the tires are out of balance or the suspension has worn components. Also see caster wobble.
Shocks: See adjustable shocks
Shock absorber: An oil filled device used to control spring oscillation in the suspension system. At least one shock absorber is found at each wheel. Also see adjustable shocks and damper
Shoe: See brake shoe, pole shoes, and primary brake shoe.
Short: See "short circuit."
Short circuit: An electrical problem in which the "hot" or positive wire touches ground. It takes a "short" path to ground instead of going through the prescribed component. Usually a short circuit (also called a short) will burn out a fuse or a component.
Shrinkage: The shrinking of automotive paint as it dries. All automotive paints shrink, and if scratches or surface imperfections have not been properly filled, they will show up as the paint shrinks into them.
Shrink fit: A fit between two parts which is very tight. The outer or encircling piece is expanded by heating so it will fit over inner piece. Sometimes the inner piece is contracted by chilling. As the two pieces reach operating temperature or room temperature, the outer piece shrinks and the inner piece (if it was chilled) expands. As a result, the two pieces fit tightly.
Shrink tube: *
Shroud: A metal enclosure around the fan, engine, etc., to guide and facilitate the flow of air.
Shunt: An alternate or bypass portion of an electrical circuit.
Shunt winding: A wire coil forming an alternate or bypass circuit through which the current may flow.
Siamesed: Arrangement of ports when intake or exhaust valves are in pairs which allows two-into-one passages to be cast into the cylinder head. For example, with the usual valve arrangement in a four-cylinder engine the head can be designed so only two ports connect to the intake manifold and only three to the exhaust manifold. Also, when engine cylinders are connected solidly together (as in the Vega block) instead of being totally surrounded by water jackets, the cylinders are said to be siamesed.
Siddeley: See Armstrong-Siddeley (1925-1948)
Sidedraft carburetor: A carburetor in which the air passes through the carburetorinto the intake manifold in a horizontal plane. Contrasts with a Downdraftcarburetor.
Sidewall: See tire sidewall.
Silencer: Muffler.
Silver solder: Similar to brazing except that a special silver solder metal is used.
Single-barrel: A carburetor with one throttle opening or barrel from the carburetor to the intake manifold. Also see carburetor, double-barrel carburetor, and four-barrel carburetor.
Single coat: A coat of paint, with each stroke overlapping the previous stroke by 50%.
Single-overhead cam: See overhead cam.
Sintered bronze: Tiny particles of bronze pressed tightly together so that they form a solid piece. The piece is highly porous and is often used for filtering purposes.
Six banger: Six cylinder engine.
Skewer: See quick-release skewer.
Skid: * Also see anti-skid.
Skins: Tires. Also a covering for skis on a snowmobile.
Skirt: 1. A cover for the rear fender cutout. See fender skirt. 2. The portion of the piston below the rings and bosses. It absorbs the thrust caused by the crankshaft as it makes contact with the cylinder wall. Also see piston skirt.
Skirt expander: See piston skirt expander.
Slant engine: This is an in-line engine in which the cylinder block has been tilted from a vertical plane.
Slap: See piston slap.
Sleeve: See liner, cylinder sleeve, and dry liner.
Slick: A very wide tire, without a tread pattern, designed to provide a maximum amount of traction. It is used for racing on dry surfaces.
Sliding-fit: See running-fit.
Sliding gear: A transmission gear that is splined to the shaft. It may be moved back and forth for shifting purposes.
Slinger: See oil slinger.
Slingshot: A form of dragster using a rather long thin frame with a very light front axle and wheel assembly.
Slip angle: The difference in the actual path taken by a car making a turn and the path it would have taken if it had followed exactly as the wheels were pointed. The slip angle is the result of the tire carcass's flexibility and is the angular difference between the direction the wheel is travelling and the direction of the tread. If the slip angles of the rear tires are greater than the slip angles of the front tires, the car is said to be oversteering. Also see oversteer.
Slip joint: A joint that will transfer driving torque from one shaft to another while allowing longitudinal movement between the two shafts. A variable length connection that permits the drive shaft or axle shaft to change its length as the shaft moves up and down.
Slip stream: a racing technique in which one vehicle tucks in closely behind another (catches a tow). The total aerodynamic drag acting on the two vehicles is actually less than the drag that acts on each vehicle when they are separated by greater lengths; this allows both vehicles to gain straightaway speed. The lead vehicle cuts into the air acting as a wind break for the following vehicle, and the closeness of the second vehicle reduces the turbulence normally generated at the rear of the first vehicle. Also called drafting.
Slipper piston: a piston with the lower edge cut away so that the piston skirt is short on the two sides not used as thrust surfaces. Such a design lightens the piston making it easier to accelerate and decelerate, wastes less power, and is easier on the bearings. Cutting away the skirt also allows the connecting rod to be made shorter but leaves enough room between the counterweights and the pistons so the overall height of the engine can be reduced.
Sludge: Black, mushy deposits throughout the interior of the engine. Caused from a mixture of dust, oil, gasoline, water, and blow-by being whipped together by the moving parts. Some engines oils have detergents to break down sludge. A composition of oxidized petroleum products along with an emulsion of oil and water, forming a pasty substance that clogs oil lines and passages and interferes with engine lubrication. Sludge is formed in engines with neglected oil changes.
Smog: Fog made darker and heavier by chemical fumes and smoke. A fog-like layer, often brown in color, that hangs over many areas under certain atmospheric conditions. Smog, a contraction of the words smoke and fog, is compounded from smoke, moisture and numerous chemicals produced by combustion (from power plants, automotive engines, etc.) and from natural and industrial processes. Formation of smog is aided by the presence of sunlight which reacts with many chemicals and combustion products such as hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen to form other more noxious compounds.
Snap ring: A split ring or clip that is snapped into a groove in a shaft or in a groove in a hole. It is used to hold bearings, thrust washers, gears, etc., in place. An internal snap ring is used in a groove in a housing; an external snap ring fits in a groove cut on the outside of a cylindrical piece such as a shaft.
Snubber: A device used to limit the travel of some part.
Society of Automotive Engineers: See SAE
Socket: * See "spark plug socket."
Socket wrench: A socket wrench is made up of a ratchet and a variety of sockets. The ratchet end fits into the sockets. The end is usually one of three common sizes: 0.25" (6.35 mm), 0.375" (9.5 mm), and 0.5" (13 mm). The socket (a cylinder) completely covers all the corners of the head of a bolt or nut. Some sockets have six faces while others have twelve.
Sodium-cooled valve: An exhaust valve with a hollow stem that is partially filled with metallic sodium. When the valve gets hot enough (138°C), the sodium melts and moves up and down in the valve stem. The sodium absorbs heat from the hot valve head and carries it away to the outer part of the stem and then into the valve guide in the cylinder head and next to the cylinder head itself. This circulation cools the valve head and thus the valve is allowed to run at a lower temperature.
Soldering: Joining two pieces of metal together with a lead-tin mixture. Both pieces of metal must be heated to insure proper adhesion of the melted solder. Also see "silver solder."
Solenoid: An electrically operated magnetic device used to operate some unit. A movable iron core is placed inside a coil of wire which moves because of magnetic attraction when electric current is fed to the coil. When current flows through the coil, the core will attempt to center itself in the coil. In so doing, the core will exert considerable force on anything it is connected to. Also see clutch solenoid, idle stop solenoid, and "starter solenoid."
Solids: The ingredients (pigments and binders) of the paint that remain on the surface after the solvents evaporate.
Solvent: A fluid that dilutes, liquefies or dilutes another liquid or solid. Solvents include thinners, reducers and cleaners. Examples: Alcohol thins shellac; gasoline dissolves grease.
Souped up: *
Souping: Hopping up or increasing engine performance through various modifications.
Space frame: A type of frame construction which has high rigidity for its low weight. It is used with some racing and low production cars. It is made up of several lengths of tubing welded into a strong, light web-like structure to which the engine, suspension, and other components are attached.
Spacer: *
Spanner: Although a British term for a wrench, it is also used for many bicycle tools in the U.S.A. and Canada. Also see pin spanner and C-spanner.
Spark: The bridging or jumping of a gap between two electrodes by a current of electricity. One of the essential factors in a combustion engine (Fuel, Air, Proper proportion of mixture, Compression, Timing, Spark). Also see jump spark.
Spark advance: Causing the spark plug to fire earlier by altering the position of the distributor breaker points in relation to the distributor shaft. Also see advance.
Spark arrester: *
Spark gap: The space between the center and side electrode tips on a spark plug. Also see gap.
Spark knock: See preignition.
Spark plug: A device containing two electrodes across which electricity jumps to produce a spark to fire the fuel charge. The center electrode is insulated from the sparkplug shell by means of a molded insulator resembling porcelain. The side electrode protrudes from the bottom edge of the sparkplug shell and is so positioned that there is a gap between it and the center electrode. Also see resistor spark plug.
Spark plug gap: The space between the center and side electrodes of a spark plug across which the spark must jump to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.
Spark plug socket: *
Spark retard: *
Speciale: See Alfa Romeo Giuletta/Giulia Sprint Speciale (1959-61) Specific gravity: The relative weight of liquid (battery electrolyte) as compared to the weight of an equal volume of water.
Specifications: A list of the measurements of each component of a car.
Specific gravity: The relative weight of a given volume of a specific material as compared to the weight of an equal volume of water.
Specifications: The size, description, or part numbers for various items needed to maintain or repair a vehicle.
Speed: The average rate at which an object is travelling. Measured as a relationship of distance per time--e.g., meters per second (mls), kilometers per hour (kph), feet per second (ft/sec.), or miles per hour (mph).
Speed screw: See idle speed screw.
Speedo: Abbreviation for "speedometer."
Speedometer: Instrument usually found on the dashboard which is used to determine forward speed of a vehicle in kilometers per hour or miles per hour. Also see HUD.
Speedometer cable: A long specially constructed wire inside a housing. The one end of the speedometer cable (speedo cable) is inserted into the back of the speedometer head and the other end is usually attached to the transmission. When the speedometer needle moves erratically or the cable makes noise, the cable needs to be lubricated with specially formulated compound. Oil will cause it to stick.
Spider: 1. On a bicycle, the multiarmed piece to which the chainwheels are bolted, usually welded to or part of the right crankarm. 2. A type of sport vehicle. See Alfa Romeo Giuletta Spider (1956-64)
Spider gear: A small gear (usually in a set of two to four gears) mounted on a shaft pinned to the differential case. They mesh with the bevel gears on the ends of the axles and drive them. Also see pinion gears.
Spindle: 1. The machined shaft upon which the inside races of the front wheel bearings rest. The spindle is an integral part of the steering knuckle. Also see "steering spindle." 2. Another term for an axle, such as a pedal axle or a bottom bracket axle.
Spiral bevel gear: A ring and pinion setup widely used in automobile differentials. The teeth of both the ring and the pinion are tapered and are cut on a spiral so that they are at an angle to the center line of the pinion shaft.
Spiral wrapped pin: A tube-like pin that is made by rolling a sheet of metal tightly together. Used as a shear pin.
Splash: See oil-combination splash and pressure system and oil-splash system.
Splash shield: A removable device found on disc brakes to keep water and dirt from fouling the brakes.
Spline: In order to secure one object on a shaft, longitudinal grooves or splines are cut all around the shaft with matching grooves in the object. In this way the object slides on the shaft. In this way both the object and the shaft rotate together.
Splined joint: A joint between two parts in which each part has a series of splines cut along the contact area. The splines on each part slide into the grooves between the splines on the other part.
Splined shaft: A shaft having multiple grooves, or keyseats, cut around its circumference.
Split bench seat: A front seat arrangement in which the left side is independent from the right side. While a bucket seat is shaped for an individual, split bench seats can still hold three people. Most are split 60/40 where the smaller portion is for the driver. It avoids the disadvantage of the bench seat in that the driver can position his seat differently from the passenger.
Split manifold: An exhaust manifold that has a baffle placed near its center. An exhaust pipe leads out of each half.
Spoiler: An aerodynamic device attached to a car (usually under the front bumper or on the decklid) to either reduce drag or induce downforce on the car. So called because it spoils the normal flow of air over or under the car.
Spoke: One of several wires used to hold the hub in the center of a wheel rim and to transfer the load from the perimeter of the wheel to the hub and on to the frame.
Spongy pedal: When there is air in the brake lines, or shoes that are not properly centered in the drums, the brake pedal will have a springy or spongy feeling when the brakes are applied. The pedal normally will feel hard when applied.
Spool balance valve: A hydraulic valve in automatic transmissions that balances incoming oil pressure against spring control pressure to produce a steady pressure to some control unit.
Spool valve: A hydraulic control value shaped somewhat like a spool upon which thread is wound.
Sport and Imperial phaeton: Similar to the phaeton, but with extra equipment or refinements, such as wire wheels, trunk rack, and ultra-modish paint treatments and finish. The Imperial type indicates a tonneau or second windshield in front of the rear seat passengers.
Sport coupe: In other respects similar to the coupe, it has a rumble seat in the rear deck and a small golf compartment for storage.
Sport roadster: In addition to being a roadster, it has provision for a rumble seat in the rear deck, along with a golf locker for storage.
Sports car: Term commonly used to describe a relative small, low slung, car with a high performance engine.
Sports tourer: A bicycle whose structure, geometry, and components are designed to make it a compromise between one suitable for racing and one suitable for loaded touring -- good for general pleasure riding.
Spot glazing: Filling minor imperfections (sand scratches).
Spot weld: Fastening parts together by fusing, at various spots. Heavy surge of electricity is passed through the parts held in firm contact by electrodes.
Spotting: See water spotting.
Sprag clutch: A clutch that will allow rotation in one direction but that will lock up and prevent any movement in the other direction.
Spring: A device on the suspension system to cushion and absorb shocks and bumps and to keep the car level on turns. After the stress or pressure exerted by the flexing of the spring has been removed, the spring returns to its original state. The spring does this by first absorbing and then releasing a certain amount of energy. The form of spring may be leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, or a combination of these. See Ball and spring, coil spring, compression spring, diaphragm spring, extension spring, flat spring, leaf spring, longitudinal leaf spring, "semi-elliptic spring," transverse leaf spring, and valve spring.
Spring balance: An instrument for measuring weight or force which does so by the elasticity of a spiral spring.
Spring booster: A device used to "beef' up sagged springs or to increase the load capacity of standard springs.
Spring loaded: A device held in place, or under pressure from a spring or springs.
Spring steel: A heat treated steel having the ability to stand a great amount of deflection and yet return to its original shape or position.
Spring windup: The curved shape assumed by the rear leaf springs during acceleration or braking.
Springing: A term for suspension. Also see air suspension.
Sprint: See Alfa Romeo Giuletta/Giulia Sprint Speciale (1959-61)
Sprocket: A disc with teeth on its circumference for driving a chain, a general term that applies both to chainrings and to freewheel cogs.
Sprung weight: This refers to the weight of all the parts of the car that are supported by the suspension system. Unsprung weight includes wheels and tires, brake assemblies, the rear axle assembly and other structural members not supported by the springs. Unsprung weight can be reduced with independent rear suspension because the differential, and in some cases the brakes, can be attached to the body.
Spur gear: A gear on which the teeth are cut parallel to the shaft. They are not used very often in modern gearboxes because they are noisier than helical gears. Also called straight-cut gears.
Spurt hole: A small hole in the connecting rod big end that indexes (aligns) with the oil hole in the crank journal. When the holes index, oil spurts out to lubricate the cylinder walls.
Square engine: An engine in which the bore diameter and the stroke are of equal dimensions.
Square key: A small bar of any length but its height and width are the same.
Squat: The action of the rear end of the car to point downward during hard acceleration. Also see anti-squat.
Squeak: An expression used particularly with two-stroke engines where the pistons have run without sufficient lubrication. It is caused by a poor injection system or a pre-mix that is too lean (not enough oil in the gasoline).
Squire (1925-1948): A classic car
Squirt hole: See "spurt hole."
Squish: An area in the combustion chamber of some engines where the piston squishes or squeezes part of the fuel-air mixture at the end of the compression stroke. As the piston approaches top dead center, the mixture is pushed out of the squish area and this promotes turbulence, further mixing of the fuel-air mixture and more efficient combustion.
SS and SS Jaguar (1932-1940 except 4-cyl.): A classic car
Stability: See directional stability.
Stabilizer: A variety of devices used to keep the passenger compartment of a car from swaying and lurching on sharp curves and turns.
Stabilizer bar: A transverse mounted spring steel bar that controls and minimizes body lean or tipping on corners. Also see anti-roll bar.
Stamping: A sheet metal part formed by pressing between metal dies (hardened metal blocks).
Standard transmission: A transmission that must be shifted manually to effect a change in gearing. Also called "conventional transmission" or "manual transmission."
Start: See jump start.
Starter: A small electrical motor that causes the engine crankshaft to begin to turn, which starts the engine running and so starts the car. Also called the "cranking motor." Also see Bendix type starter drive and overrunning clutch starter drive.
Starter drive: Also see Bendix type starter drive.
Starter motor: See "starter."
Starter solenoid: A device that uses electrical current to start and engage the starter. Also see "solenoid."
Starting system: The portion of the electrical system that starts the car. Consists of the ignition switch which closes the circuit and allows current to flow from the battery to the starter by way of the starter solenoid. Also called the "cranking circuit."
Static balance: When a tire, flywheel, crankshaft, etc., has an absolutely even distribution of the weight mass around the axis of rotation, it will be in static balance. For example, if a front wheel is jacked up and the tire, regardless of where it is placed, always slowly turns and stops with the same spot down, it would not be in static balance. If, however, the wheel remains in any position in which it is placed, it would be in static balance, (bearings must be free, no brake drag, etc.)
Static electricity: Electricity generated by friction between two objects. It will remain in one object until discharged.
Static pressure: A certain amount of pressure that always exists in the brake lines even with the brake pedal released. Static pressure is maintained by a check valve.
Static shield: A device found on some distributors that reduces radio interference caused by the working of the car's ignition system.
Station wagon: Originally this was a car with an enclosed wooden body of paneled design with several rows of folding or removable seats behind the driver. It became a different and popular vehicle after 1945. There is usually a tailgate but no separate luggage compartment. Early station wagons and compact station wagons had only two doors while the larger ones had four doors.
Stator: 1. A small hub, upon which a series of vanes are affixed in a radial position, that is so placed that oil leaving the torque converter turbine strikes the stator vanes and is redirected into the pump at an angle conducive to high efficiency. The stator makes torque multiplication possible. Torque multiplication is highest at stall when the engine speed is at its highest and the turbine is standing still. 2. The fixed electrical windings on a magneto, alternator or generator. It turns within the rotor. Also see variable pitch stator.
Stay: An arm or brace use to support another component.
Steam engine: An external combustion engine where water is converted to steam in a boiler outside the cylinder. The steam is then admitted to the cylinder where it expands against a piston. As the steam expands it cools and begins to condense. This mixture of water droplets and steam is forced out of the cylinder on the return stroke and into the condenser where the remaining steam is condensed into water. This water is forced into the boiler by a pump and the cycle is repeated. Steam engines have some notable drawbacks: slow warm up, freezing of the water system in cold weather, and contamination of the water by scale, oil, and sludge which can wreak havoc with the boiler, pumps, and condenser. But they also offer certain advantages: the potential for high fuel economy with low emissions, the ability to start from rest against a load so a clutch is not needed, and the torque developed is greatest at low rpm so in some applications a multiple-ratio gearbox is not necessary.
Steel pack muffler: A straight through (no baffles) muffler using metal shavings surrounding a perforated pipe. Quiets exhaust sound.
Steep angles: Angles that position frame tubes relatively closer to vertical than do shallow angles.
Steer: See bump steer and roll steer.
Steerer tube: The tube that forms the top of the fork and rotates inside the head tube of a bicycle.
Steering: Also see Ackerman steering, center steering linkage, manual steering, negative offset steering, parallelogram steering linkage, power steering, and recirculating-ball-and-nut steering.
Steering, Ackerman: See Ackermann steering.
Steering arm: Arms, either bolted to, or forged as an integral part of the steering knuckles. They transmit the steering force from tie rods to the knuckles, thus causing the wheels to pivot.
Steering axis: The line through the center of the balljoints in a front suspension system.
Steering axis inclination: See kingpin inclination.
Steering column: A shaft connecting the steering wheel to the steering gear assembly. Also called the steering shaft.
Steering gear: The gears, mounted on the lower end of the steering column, that are used to multiply driver turning force. It converts the rotary motion of the steering wheel into straight-line motion. This straight-line motion then moves the linkage connected to the steering arms and attached to the steering knuckles and this causes the front wheels to move to the right or the left in response to the steering wheel direction.
Steering geometry: A term sometimes used to describe the various angles assumed by the components making up the front wheel turning arrangement, camber, caster, toe-in, etc. Also used to describe the related angles assumed by the front wheels when the car is negotiating a curve.
Steering knuckle: The inner portion of the spindle that is affixed to and pivots on either a kingpin or on upper and lower ball joints. Also see ball joint steering knuckle and grease fittings.
Steering knuckle angle: The angle formed between the steering axis and the center line of the spindle. This angle is sometimes referred to as the included angle.
Steering linkage: The system that connects the steering wheel to the front wheels and allows the wheels to change direction in response to commands from the driver. Contains grease fittings to cushion against wear and friction. Also see alignment. and idler arm
Steering lock: The number of degrees that the front wheels can be turned from straight ahead before they are physically restrained from turning any further. Generally, the more lock designed into the front geometry, the smaller the turning circle but the more the tires scrub as the wheels approach the extreme lock positions. Turns lock-to-lock refers to the number of rotations of the steering wheel required to go from one extreme lock position to the other. Can also refer to the locking mechanism usually contained in the steering column that locks the steering wheel when the ignition switch is turned off or the key is removed from the switch.
Steering overall ratio: The ratio of the degrees you must turn the steering wheel to turn the road wheels one degree from their straight ahead position.
Steering ratio: The ratio of the gearing within a steering system such as the rack to the pinion or the worm gear to the recirculating nut.
Steering shaft: See "Steering column"
Steering spindle: A shaft-like projection from the steering knuckle to which the wheel is mounted.
Steering system: The mechanism that allows the driver to guide the car down the road and turn the wheels as he desires. The system includes the steering wheel, steering column, steering gear, linkages, and the front wheel supports.
Steering wheel: *
Stem: See valve stem.
Stereo: *
Stearns-Knight (1925-1948): A classic car
Stethoscope: A device (such as used by doctors) to detect and locate abnormal engine noises. A very handy tool for the trouble-shooter.
Stevens Duryea (1925-1948): A classic car
Steyr (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Stick shift: This refers to a transmission that is shifted manually through the use of various forms of linkage. Often refers to the upright gearshift stick that protrudes through the floor. Also see four on the floor.
Stiffness: See roll stiffness.
Stirrup cable: On bicycle centerpull brakes, a short cable, each end of which attaches to a brake arm and which is pulled up at the center to activate the brakes.
Stirling engine: An external combustion engine in which heat is applied through the wall of a chamber within which a gas is successively heated and cooled, alternately expanding and contracting to power a piston inside the chamber. Its advantages include: exceptional silence, lack of vibration, long life, high efficiency, extremely low emissions and adaptability to many different kinds of fuel. Its main drawbacks are the need for extremely effective seals, inflexible control systems, and cost.
Stock car: A car as built by the factory. Also see "super stock."
Stone: See finishing stone and roughing stone.
Stop: See bump stop.
Stop-leak: See "sealer."
Stop solenoid: See idle stop solenoid.
Storage battery: See battery
Stormer: A hot car that really moves out.
Stove: See choke stove.
Stovebolt: Generally refers to Chevrolet (GMC) 6-cylinder, in-line, valve-in-head (push rod operated) engine.
Straddle cable: See "stirrup cable."
Straight-cut gears: Gears that have teeth cut in the edge of the circumference of the gear. Unlike helical gears, the teeth are cut in line with the shaft on which it fits. See "Spur gear" and helical gear.
Straight weight: Term designating motor oil as suitable for use within a narrow range of temperatures. Outside the narrow temperature range its flow characteristics will not adequately lubricate.
Strap: *
Stratified charge engine: An internal combustion engine in which a small portion of extremely rich fuel and air is ignited and in turn ignites a much leaner fuel-air mixture. The lean mixture might not fire by itself unless it is ignited by the flame of the burning rich mixture. Its advantage is lower peak combustion temperatures, greater fuel economy, and a decrease in pollutant emissions. The Honda CVCC engine which initiates combustion in a small auxiliary prechamber is one type of stratified charge engine (to be precise, the CVCC should actually be called a dual-combustion engine). Another type is Texaco's which uses turbulence in the incoming mixture to induce stratification.
Stream: See "slip stream."
Street rod: A slightly modified rod that will give good day-to-day performance on the streets.
Stress lines: Low areas in a damaged panel, usually starting at the point of impact and travelling outward.
Stressed body: A car body designed so that the outer body panels share a proportion of the total load or stresses in the whole structure instead of the frame taking all the loads. The Jaguar E-Type is one example.
Straight engine: See in-line engine.
String: *
Strip: 1. Area used for drag racing. 2. Removing tires and wheels, battery, hubcaps and other items of value as done by thieves.
Striping tool: A tool used to apply paint in long narrow lines.
Stroboscope: See timing light.
Stroke: The distance the piston moves when travelling from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC) or vice versa. Also see compression stroke, exhaust stroke, intake stroke, and power stroke.
Stroked crankshaft: A crankshaft, either a special new one or a stock crank reworked, that has the con rod throws offset so that the length of the stroke is increased.
Stroker: An engine using a crankshaft that has been stroked.
Stroking: A method for increasing the displacement of an engine by lengthening the crankshaft throws so that the piston stroke is increased.
Strut: See MacPherson strut and Chapman strut.
Stud: 1. A metal rod or shaft with threads on both ends. 2. Metal spikes installed in snow tires to increase traction on ice and hard-packed snow. Studded tires have been banned in many areas because of the damage they inflict upon road surfaces.
Stud puller: A tool used to install or remove studs.
Studebaker (1929-33 President): A classic car
Studebaker Avanti (1963-64): A milestone car
Studebaker Gran Turismo Hawk (1962-64): A milestone car
Studebaker Starlight Coupe (1947-49): A milestone car
Studebaker Starliner Hardtop (Six & V-8) (1953-54): A milestone car
Studebaker President Speedster (1955): A milestone car
Stumble: A driveability-related problem similar to but more severe than hesitation. See hesitation and bog
Stutz (1925-1948): A classic car
Sub frame: A partial frame that is sometimes bolted to the chassis of unit-body cars. It can be used to support the engine, transmission and suspension instead of having these components directly connected to the main body structure. This more expensive design generally results in better road isolation and less harshness.
Substrate: The surface that is to be finished (painted). It can be anything from an old finish or primer to an unpainted surface.
Suction: See vacuum.
Suction throttling valve: Valve placed between the air conditioning evaporator and compressor which controls evaporator pressure to provide maximum cooling without icing evaporator core.
Suicide doors:
Sump: That part of the oil pan that contains the oil. Also see oil pan and dry sump.
Sun gear: The center gear around which the planet gears revolve. Also see planetary gear.
Sunbeam (8-cyl. and 3-litre twin-cam only) (1925-1948): A classic car
Sunbeam Tiger Convertible (1965-67): A milestone car
Super car: A car with a high horsepower engine that will provide fast acceleration and high speed.
Supercharger: A unit designed to force air, under pressure, into the cylinders. Can be mounted between the carburetor and cylinders or between the carburetor and the atmosphere. Also see blower.
Supercharging: A method of increasing engine power by forcing larger amounts of air into the cylinders.
Super stock: Factory car (stock) with engine, suspension, running gear, etc., modified to increase horsepower and overall performance.
Supplemental Restraint inflatable air-bag System: See SRS
Supplemental Restraint System: See SRS
Surface dry: A condition in which the outer layer (surface) of the finish dries while the underneath remain soft and not thoroughly dried.
Surge: A drive problem where the vehicle on its own seems to gain power for a brief moment and then back down to the previous speed. The reason the engine will not run at a steady speed and surges is probably due to very lean air-fuel mixture or retarded timing.
Suspension system: A system that cushions the passenger compartment of the car from the bumps and shocks caused by the wheels moving over irregular road surfaces. Includes springs, shock absorbers, steering linkage, upper and lower control arms, torsion bars, stabilizers, etc. Sometimes called "springing." Also see air suspension, hydropneumatic suspension, independent front suspension, independent rear suspension, independent suspension, long and short arm suspension, rinsing-rate suspension, and torsion bar suspension.
Sway bar: See anti-roll bar.
Sweating: Joining two pieces of metal together by placing solder between them and then clamping them tightly together while heat, sufficient to melt the solder, is applied.
Swelling: See "sand scratch swelling."
Swept volume: See displacement.
Swing axle: An independent rear suspension system in which each driving wheel can move up or down independently of the other. The differential unit is bolted to the frame and various forms of linkage are used upon which to mount the wheels. Drive axles, using one or more universal joints, connect the differential to the drive wheels. When cornering hard, cars with swing axles are prone to wheel jacking which can lead to large positive camber at the outside rear wheel and can induce sudden oversteer. Also see low pivot swing axle.
Switch: A device that opens and closes an electric circuit. Also see ignition switch, kickdown switch, kill switch, and toggle switch.
Symmetrical: See Asymmetrical Tread
Synchromesh: A device in a manual transmission that allows two gears to meshmore smoothly. When a synchronizer gear matches the speed of the transmissionmain shaft to the speed of the gear being selected, they mesh smoothly andprevent grinding and clashing of gears. It was first introduced by Cadillac in1928.
Synchromesh transmission: A transmission using a device (synchromesh) thatsynchronizes the speeds of gears that are being shifted together. This prevents"
Synchronize: To bring about a timing that will cause two or more events to occur simultaneously; plug firing when the piston is in the correct position, the speed of two shafts being the same, a valve opening when the piston is in the correct position, etc.
Synchronizer: A cone or sleeve that slides to and fro on the transmission main shaft and makes the gears rotate at the same speed to prevent clash when the gears are about to mesh. Whenever a car is rolling, the transmission main shaft is turning and the clutch gear is spinning. Even though the clutch is disengaged, the clutch gear continues to spin until friction slows it down or stops it. Thus when the driver shifts into another gear he is trying to mesh gears that may be moving at different speeds. By using synchronizers, the possibility of broken or damaged teeth is reduced and shifting effort is lowered. A transmission using synchronizers is called a synchromesh transmission.
Synthetic oil: Non-petroleum based oil.
System: See Positive crankcase ventilation system
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Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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fire83
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mõiste, sõnavara, sõnastik, termin, inglise keel
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Tachometer (tach): A device used to indicate the speed of the engine in rpm. The tachometer is mounted on or near the dashboard (some even appear on the hood and others in a heads-up display on the windshield). It helps the driver to know the optimum rpm for changing gears on manual transmissions. A tachometer is also a diagnostic device which a mechanic uses to determine idle speed and other carburetor and running settings.
Tack coat: The first coat of enamel that is allowed to dry until "tacky" usually about 10-30 minutes, depending on the amount of thinner used. The surface is "tacky" when it will not stick to the finger when light pressure is applied.
Tack rag: A cloth impregnated with a non-drying varnish that is used to pick up dust and dirt particles.
Tail: See Kamm tail.
Tail pipe: Exhaust pipe which runs from the muffler to the rear of the car. and is open to the atmosphere, through which the exhaust gases are routed into the atmosphere.
Talbot (all 105C and 110C): A classic car
Talbot Lago (all 150C): A classic car
Talbot Lago 4.5 (All) (1946-54): A milestone car
Tandem: A bicycle that provides seats, bars, and pedals for two or more riders, one behind the other.
Tank: A container into which any liquid can be held. Also it may even be empty such as a vacuum tank. Also see expansion tank, fuel tank, and vacuum tank.
Tap: 1. To cut threads in a hole or tube. 2. the fluted tool used to cut the threads.
Tap and die set: A set of taps and dies for internal and external threading, usually covers a range of the most popular sizes.
Taper: * Also see worm and taper pin.
Tapered roller bearing: An antifriction bearing using a series of tapered, hardened steel rollers operating between an outer and inner hardened steel race.
Tappet: The screw used to adjust the clearance between the valve stem and the lifter or the rocker arm. Also see cam follower, bucket tappet, roller tappets, and valve tappet.
Tappet noise: Noise caused by the lash or clearance between the valve stem and rocker arm or between the valve stem and valve lifter.
Tar remover: See bug and tar remover
Tatra (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Taxi: A vehicle used for transporting people for hire.
T-Bone: Model-T Ford car.
Tear it down: See pull it down.
Teflon: A plastic with excellent self-lubricating (slippery) bearing properties.
Temper: To effect a change in the physical structure of a piece of steel through the use of heat and cold.
Tempered glass: See laminated windshield
Temperature control: See automatic temperature control.
Tempered glass: See laminated windshield.
Tension: A pulling or stretching stress applied to an object. Also see high tension, high tension leads, and low tension leads.
Terminal: A connecting point in an electric circuit. When referring to the battery, it would indicate the two battery posts. Also see negative terminal, positive terminal, and primary terminal.
Tetrachloride: See carbon tetrachloride.
Tetraethyl lead: "a lead compound used as an additive to increase the octane rating and reduce the knock or detonation tendencies of gasoline. Also see lead free.
T-Ford: Model-T Ford car.
T-head: An engine in which the arrangement of the valves on either side of the combustion chamber creates a "T" configuration. Usually the intake valves are on one side and the exhaust on the other. The modern crossflow cylinder heads are variations on this old concept. But the original design is not in current use.
Thermal efficiency: The percentage of the heat developed in the burning fuel charge that is actually used to develop power determines thermal efficiency. When fuel is combusted in an engine not all the fuel is converted into power. Some is lost in overcoming friction and some escapes down the tail pipe in the hot exhaust gases so this percentage is always less than 100%. Efficiency will vary according to engine design, use, etc. If an engine uses a great deal of the heat to produce power, its thermal efficiency would be high.
Thermal reactor: A high-volume thermally isolated chamber replacing the exhaust manifold and providing a place for high-temperature afterburning of exhaust pollutants. Found on all Mazda rotary engines and some piston engines (BMW for example) as well.
Thermostat: A temperature sensitive device used in the cooling system of an engine to control the flow of coolant between the cylinder block and radiator. It is set into the engine block and shuts off the circulation of water until the temperature of the water reaches the point at which the thermostat is set to open. Because automotive internal combustion engines operate more efficiently when their temperature is maintained within narrow limits, the thermostat closes off the flow of coolant from the engine to the radiator until the engine has reached the desired operating temperature. Other thermostats are used in the electrical circuit of the car heating system to control the amount of heat supplied to the passengers, in the manifold heat control system that preheats the air-fuel mixture going to the cylinders, and in the automatic choke.
Thermostatic coil choke: A sensing device mounted on the carburetor that automatically controls the choke butterfly valve by sensing the heat of the exhaust manifold. Also see choke.
Thermostatic spring choke: A sensing device that automatically controls the choke butterfly valve by sensing the heat of the exhaust manifold. Also see choke.
Thinner: The solvent used to thin lacquers and enamels to the proper consistency for application.
Third brush: A generator in which a third, movable brush is used to control current output.
Third hand: A device used on bicycles to squeeze the brakes together against the rim so that adjustments can be made to the cable.
Thread: See left-hand thread.
Three-quarter race camshaft: A description of the custom camshaft indicating the type of lobe grinding which, in turn, dictates the type of use. Other grinds are one-quarter race, full-race, street-grind, etc.
Three-speed: A transmission which has three forward gears.
Three-way catalytic converter: A pollution control device which reduces all three noxious substances: HC, CO, and NOx.
Throttle: The device that controls the vacuum created in the venturi of the carburetor. The greater the vacuum, the richer the fuel-air mixture. The throttle enables the engine to run on a richer mixture and produce more power for high-speed driving. It consists of a throttle arm, located on the outside of the carburetor and connected to the gas pedal, which activates a throttle butterfly valve at the base of the carburetor barrel, where it joins the intake manifold.
Throttle pedal: The gas pedal which operates the throttle butterfly through a series of linkages.
Throttle valve: A valve in the carburetor. It is used to control the amount of air-fuel mixture that reaches the cylinders. Usually consists of a flat round disc mounted on a shaft so that it can be tilted at various angles in the carburetor throttle valve body. It is connected by suitable linkage to the accelerator pedal.
Throw: 1. The offset portion of the crankshaft designed to accept the connecting rod. Also see crankpin. 2. The distance from the center of the crankshaft main bearing to the center of the connecting rod journal. The piston stroke is twice the throw distance.
Throwing a rod: The action of breaking a connecting rod. Often the rod will force its way out of the side of the engine causing major damage which is expensive to repair.
Throw-out bearing: A part of the clutch, activated by the clutch pedal, that allows the clutch to disengage. If you allow the car to idle in gear with the clutch pedal depressed, instead of shifting to neutral gear, you can wear out the throw-out bearing. Also called the "clutch release bearing." Also see free pedal play.
Throw-out fork: See clutch throw-out fork.
Thrust: See camber thrust.
Thrust bearing: A bearing with flanges on its two sides that prevents a shaft such as the crankshaft from moving endwise. In the engine crankshaft assembly these flanges are a close fit to the two sides of the crankpin. If the crankshaft tends to shift one way or the other the crankpin sides come up against the flanges preventing excessive endwise movement.
Thrust washer: A bronze or a hardened steel washer placed between two moving parts. The washer prevents longitudinal movement and provides a bearing surface for the thrust surfaces of the parts.
Tie rod: A rod, or rods, connecting the steering arms together. It links the pitman arm and the idler arm to the steering knuckle arms. When the tie rod is moved, the wheels pivot. Also see idler arm.
Tie rod ends: Grease fittings or ball joints located on the ends of the steering linkage.
Tilt: Abbreviation for "tilt steering wheel."
Timing: One of the essential factors in a combustion engine (Fuel, Air, Proper proportion of mixture, Compression, Timing, Spark). When the piston is in the compression stroke, both valves must be closed. If one or more is open, the valve timing is out. Perhaps a timing belt or chain has jumped a tooth. If the spark does not arrive at the correct moment, the engine is out of time. If this ignition timing is only slightly off, the engine may run with less efficiency. Also see ignition timing and valve timing.
Timing chain/timing belt: A drive chain (or toothed belt) driven by the crankshaft and operates the camshaft. It causes the valves to open and close at the proper time. When an engine is rebuilt, it is important to line up the crankshaft sprocket and camshaft sprocket before applying the chain. When the chain or belt breaks, often a valve will remain open and be hit by the rising piston causing the valve to bend and other internal damage.
Timing gears: 1. Both the gear attached to the camshaft and the gear on the crankshaft. They provide a means of driving the camshaft. This system is used where long life and hard service are expected as in commercial vehicles and race cars. Using gears is generally a noisier method than using a timing chain or a cog belt to drive the camshaft.
Timing light: A stroboscopic unit that is connected to the secondary circuit to produce flashes of light in unison with the firing of a specific spark plug. By directing these flashes of light on the whirling timing marks, the marks appear to stand still. By adjusting the distributor, the timing marks may be properly aligned, thus setting the timing. Xenon timing lights have the advantage over neon lights because they are more visible in daylight.
Timing marks: 1. Marks or notches, usually located on the vibration damper, used to synchronize the ignition system so that the plugs will fire at the precise time. 2. One tooth on either the camshaft or crankshaft gear will be marked with an indentation or some other mark. Another mark will be found on the other gear between two of the teeth. The two gears must be meshed so that the marked tooth meshes with the marked spot on the other gear.
Tin Lizzie: An affectionate name for the Model T Ford of which 15,007,033 were built.
Tinning: Coating a piece of metal with a very thin layer of solder.
Tire: The rubber part of the wheel which contacts the ground. The construction can be bias-ply, bias-belted, or radial. The plies are made of rayon, nylon, and polyester. Belting can be fiberglass, steel, or kevlar. The rest of the tire is hard rubber. Also see bias tire, bias belted tire, knobby tires, pneumatic tire, radial tire, sew-up tire, "tubular tire," and wired-on tire.
Tire balance: In that tires turn at relatively high speeds, they must be carefully balanced both for static balance and for dynamic balance.
Tire bead: That portion of the tire that bears against the rim flange. The bead has a number of turns of steel wire in it to provide great strength.
Tire casing: The main body of the tire exclusive of the tread.
Tire jack: See jack.
Tire plies: The layers of nylon, rayon, etc., cloth that are used to form the casing. Most car tires are two ply with a four ply rating. Two ply indicates two layers of cloth or plies.
Tire rotation: Moving the front tires to the rear and the rear to the front to equalize any wear irregularities.
Tire sidewall: That portion of the tire between the tread and the bead.
Tire tread: That part of the tire that contacts the road.
Tire valve: A small valve, mounted on the wheel rim of a tubeless tire, that allows air to be added to the tire with an air hose and allows air to be withdrawn from an over-inflated tire by pressing on the little stem at the end of the valve. Some tire valves have little caps to protect against leaks and keep dirt from fouling the valve. On tires with inner tubes, the tire valve is mounted on the inner tube.
Toe: See brake shoe toe, heel and toe, and "tooth toe."
Toe-in: An adjustment of the front wheels where the distance from the center of the left wheel to the center of the right wheel is less at the front of the wheels than at the back of the wheels. A slight amount of toe-in is usually specified to keep the front wheels running parallel on the road by offsetting other forces that tend to spread the wheels apart. The major force is the backward thrust of the road against the tire tread while the car is moving forward. Other factors include play in the tie-rod assembly and allowance for angular changes caused by wheel bounce or variations in road conditions.
Toe-out: An adjustment of the wheels where the front of the wheels is further apart than the back. Generally toe-out is not desirable. See "Toe-in"
Toe-out on turns: When the car negotiates a curve, the inner wheel turns more sharply and while the wheels remain in this position, a condition of toe-out exists.
Toggle switch: A switch that is actuated by flipping a small lever either up and down or from side to side.
Tolerance: The amount of variation permitted from an exact size or measurement. The actual amount from the smallest acceptable dimension to the largest acceptable dimension.
Tonneau cover: A cover of leather or other soft pliable material used for protecting the interior of a convertible when the soft top is down. The cover snaps to the dash, sides and rear of the car and often has a zipper allowing the driver to operate the car while the passenger side of the car remains covered.
Tooth heel: The wider outside end of the tooth in the differential ring gear.
Tooth toe: The narrower inside end of the tooth in the differential ring gear.
Top dead center (TDC): Highest point of piston and connecting-rod travel in a cylinder; the ends of the compression and exhaust strokes in a 4-cycle engine.
Top off: Fill a container to full capacity.
Top tube: On a bicycle, the horizontal tube that connects the seat tube with the head tube.
Torque: Turning or twisting force such as the force imparted on the drive line by the engine. Usually measured in lb-ft. It differs from work or power in that torque does not necessarily produce motion. Basically, the magnitude of a torque acting on a body is the product of the magnitude of a force and its force arm (perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation of the body to the line of action of the force). This product is called the moment of the torque about the axis or the torque. Also see self-aligning torque.
Torque converter: A unit in an automatic transmission, quite similar to the fluid coupling, that transfers engine torque to the transmission input shaft. It also cushions the flow of power. Unlike the fluid coupling, the torque converter can multiply engine torque. This is accomplished by installing one or more stators between the torus members. In the torque converter the driving torus is referred to as the "pump" and the driven torus as the "turbine." The engine drives the impeller which in turn impels fluid against the vanes of a turbine connected through transmission gears to the driveshaft of the automobile. The stator redirects oil flow from the turbine to boost impeller action and multiply engine torque.
Torque multiplication: Increasing engine torque in the automatic transmission through the use of a torque converter.
Torque tube drive: The method of connecting the transmission output shaft to the differential pinion shaft by using an enclosed drive shaft. The drive shaft is enclosed in a torque tube that is bolted to the rear axle housing on one end and is pivoted through a ball joint to the rear of the transmission on the other. The driving force of the rear wheels is transferred to the frame through the torque tube. This method was used on older cars in an attempt to get rid of the twisting forces of engine torque on the suspension and driveshaft.
Torque wrench: A wrench used to draw nuts, cap screws, etc., up to a specified tension by measuring the torque (turning force) being applied.
Torsion bar: A long spring steel rod attached in such a way that one end is anchored while the other is free to twist. One end is fastened to the frame at one end and to a suspension part at the other. If an arm is attached, at right angles, to the free end, any movement of the arm will cause the rod or bar to twist the bar's resistance to twisting provides a spring action. The torsion bar replaces both coil and leaf springs in some suspension systems. The main advantage of the torsion bar over the coil spring in the front suspension is the ease of adjusting front suspension height.
Torsion bar suspension: A suspension system that makes use of torsion bars in place of the leaf or coil spring.
Torsional vibration: A twisting and untwisting action developed in a shaft. It is caused either by intermittent applications of power or load.
Torus: See fluid coupling.
Toughened glass: See laminated windshield.
Tourer: See loaded tourer, sports tourer., and AC Buckland Open Tourer
Touring car: A body longer than the phaeton style, but very similar to it. It permits the use of auxiliary seats in the rear passenger compartment.
Touring triple: A triple chainring crankset designed to provide the wide range of gears needed for loaded bicycle touring.
Tourist: A cyclist who takes short or long excursions by bicycle, often carrying several panniers containing clothing and camping equipment.
Town car: The same as the Imperial sedan without the rear quarter windows or a roof over the front compartment.
Track: Front track is the distance between the center of the left front wheel and the center of the right front wheel when the car is set to its normal ride height and wheel alignment specifications. Rear track is the distance between the center of the left rear wheel and the center of the right rear wheel. They are not always the same.
Track rod: See Panhard rod.
Traction: * Also see liquid traction.
Traction bar: Articulated bar or link attached to both frame and rear axle housing to prevent spring windup (with resultant wheel hop) during heavy acceleration or braking. Also see panhard rod.
Traction differential: See limited-slip differential.
Trail distance: The distance from the point at which the cornering force acts to the center of the wheel or steering axis.
Trailer-towing package: An optional equipment which usually includes a heavy-duty suspension, a larger radiator, a transmission cooler, and a rear bumper with a trailer hitch. This improves handling and allows a vehicle to haul a heavy trailer.
Trailing arm: Type of independent rear suspension in which the pivot axis is exactly across the car, or perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. This means the wheels are always upright relative to the body and hence leaning with the body in a corner. Widely used at the rear of front-wheel-drive cars. Also see semi-trailing arm.
Trailing brake shoe: The brake shoe that is installed facing the rear of the car. Also called "secondary brake shoe" or "reverse brake shoe."
Train: See valve train.
Trainer: See wind trainer.
Tramp: A hopping motion of the front wheels. Also see axle wind up or axle tramp.
Trans: Abbreviation for "transmission."
Transaxle: A drive setup in which the transmission gearbox, clutch, final drive, and differential are combined into a single unit connected directly to the driveshaft. It is used mostly in rear-engine cars like the Corvair, but is also found in some front wheel drive cars and some performance cars where a front engine/rear transaxle gives better overall balance (such as the Alfa Romeo Alfetta).
Transducer: A device for transferring power which is generated in one system to another system in the same or a different form.
Transfer case: An auxiliary device in a 4-wheel-drive vehicle that allows power to be delivered to both axles. Normally the transfer case incorporates a shifting device so that the front drive can be disconnected, if desired, for running on pavement. Also see four-wheel drive.
Transfer port: *
Transformer: An electrical device with an arrangement of copper coils with an iron center, used to increase or decrease electrical voltage. A car ignition coil transforms the voltage from 12 volts to upward of 20,000 volts.
Transistor ignition: A form of ignition system which uses transistors and a special coil. The conventional distributor and point setup is used, but the points merely serve to trigger a transistor which switches the heavy primary current. With the transistor unit, the voltage remains constant, thus permitting high engine rpm without resultant engine "miss." Transistors are much more efficient switches at high engine speeds and in addition they don't burn, pit or change gap spacing. The advantages of these systems include greatly increased point life, generally better starting because of improved contact condition and voltage output not greatly affected by breaker point dwell time which results in better high-rpm performance. Also point life is greatly extended as the transistor system passes a very small amount of current through the points.
Transmission: A device (full of gears) that uses gearing or torque conversion to effect a change in the ratio between engine rpm and driving wheel rpm. When engine rpm goes up in relation to wheel rpm, more torque but less speed is produced. A reduction in engine rpm in relation to wheel rpm produces a higher road speed but delivers less torque to the driving wheels. Also see automatic transmission, five-speed transmission, infinitely variable transmission, manual transmission, progressive transmission, standard transmission, and synchromesh transmission.
Transmission adapter: A unit that allows a different make or year transmission to be bolted up to the original engine.
Transmission, automatic: See automatic transmission.
Transmission, conventional: See standard transmission.
Transmission fluid (ATF): A superthin oil that fills the automatic transmission system so that it can run on hydraulic pressure. It can also be used in some power-steering pumps. It is sometimes used to clean the inside of a carburetor.
Transmission, standard: See standard transmission.
Transverse arm: A suspension arm not split into two separate sections as is an A-arm. Often used as the bottom locating link with MacPherson strut suspension. Also called lateral arm. Also see MacPherson strut.
Transverse cable: See stirrup cable.
Transverse engine: An engine that is mounted between the drive wheels, often found on cars with front-wheel drive.
Transverse leaf spring: A leaf spring that is mounted so that it is at right angles to the length of the car.
Traps: 1. The area over which the car is raced for timing purposes. 2. Pedals on a bicycle.
Travel: See clutch pedal free travel.
Tread: 1. The distance between the two front or two rear wheels. 2. Portion of the tire which contacts the roadway. 3. The pattern of the outside circumference of a tire. Also see asymmetrical tread and wide treads.
Tread-wear indicators: Bars of hard rubber that appear across the treads of a tire that are made visible when the tread has been worn down so that only 1.5 mm (a sixteenth of an inch) of tread is left.
Tree: See Christmas tree.
Trials: A type of ATB cycling competition that tests riders not on speed but on ability to maintain balance while navigating a bicycle around and over numerous obstacles such as rocks, trees, and steep, slippery terrain.
Triangle: See front triangle and rear triangle.
Trim: Nonfunctional metal or plastic molding, frames, and other decorative additions to car bodies and interiors.
Tripod jack: A device for lifting a car.
Trip odometer: An auxiliary odometer that may be reset to zero at the option of the driver. It is used for keeping track of the mileage on trips up to one thousand miles.
Triumph (Dolomite 8 and Gloria 6 models only) (1925-1948): A classic car
Triumph TR2/TR3 (1953-63): A milestone car
Troubleshooting: Diagnosing engine, transmission, etc., problems by various tests and observations.
Trunk: *
Tube: * See Bourdon tube, distribution tube, head tube, neon tube, seat tube, steerer tube, "top tube," and "torque tube drive."
Tube cutter: A tool used to cut tubing by passing a sharp wheel around and around the tube.
Tubless tires: * First developed by B. F. Goodrich in 1948.
Tubing: See plain gauge tubing, seamed tubing, and seamless tubing.
Tubular tire: A type of bicycle tire that has a tube sewn up inside the casing, also known as a sew-up.
Tucker (1948): A milestone car
Tudor: A word coined by Ford for a 2-door sedan.
Tumblehome: The severe inward curvature used on the sides of some cars.
Tune-up: The intent of a tune-up is to obtain the maximum performance and economy of the engine with the lowest possible exhaust emissions so that the vehicle engine will meet the manufacturer's specifications. It involves checking the components of the ignition system and cleaning or replacing them; cleaning and adjusting the carburation or fuel injection system; adjusting the points and timing, cleaning & gapping the sparkplugs, Tune-ups should be performed according to the recommendation of each manufacturer.
Tune-up kit: A set of parts containing points, rotor, condenser, cam lube, and possibly a feeler gauge. Each car make, model, and year has its own tune-up kit.
Tuning the exhaust: See exhaust tuning.
Turbine: Turbine: A type of engine in which all the parts that are in regular motion are rotating, making for very smooth operation. The basic gas turbine operates as follows: air enters the compressor and is compressed. It is then delivered to the combustion chamber under pressure and here the fuel is introduced, mixed with the air and burned, the quantity injected determining speed and power output. The hot, high-pressure burning gases then proceed to the first turbine, which drives the compressor, and continue to the power turbine, which delivers power to the output shaft through reduction gears. The gears are necessary because the speed of turbine rotation is measured in tens of thousands of rpm not thousands as with a typical piston engine. The turbine's attractions include its utter simplicity and directness in getting power from burning gas, its smoothness, easy cold starting and its ability to run on almost any hydrocarbon fuel. On the minus side are high cost, problems with materials because of the high temperatures and speed of rotation and relatively high NOx production.
Turbine engine: An engine that uses burning gases to spin a turbine, or series of turbines, as a means of propelling the car.
Turbo: Abbreviation for "turbocharger." In computers the term is erroneously used to mean an increase in speed.
Turbocharger: An exhaust powered super-charger. See blower.
Turbocharging: A method of increasing power and decreasing emissions by rerouting hot exhaust gases through a turbine which drives a pump that forces more air into the engine cylinders.
Turbulence: Violent, broken movement or agitation of a fluid or gas.
Turn over: An engine is said to "turn over" when the starter has caused the crankshaft to begin to turn, which starts the pistons moving so that combustion can begin to take place in the cylinders, providing power to move the car.
Turnbuckle: A device which allows the linkage to be lengthened or shortened. A threaded hole is found on each end of the turnbuckle. The linkage which attaches to the turnbuckle can be screwed in or out on each end to create the necessary length. Usually a lock nut secures the turnbuckle in place. In some instances, the turnbuckle may have a threaded hole at one end and a threaded stud at the other.
Turning circle: See "turning radius."
Turning radius: The diameter of the circle created by the outer front wheel when making a full turn. There are two ways of measuring the turning radius: curb to curb and wall to wall. The latter is always larger because it takes into account front-end overhang.
TV rod: This refers to the throttle valve rod that extends from the foot throttle linkage to the throttle valve in the automatic transmission.
Tweak: 1. To adjust a screw or component by making a very slight adjustment. 2. To bend a component to such an extent that it will need to be replaced.
Twincam: An engine with double overhead camshafts. Also see overhead cam and DOHC
Twist drill: A metal cutting drill with spiral flutes (grooves) to permit the exit of chips while cutting.
Two-plus-two (2+2): A two-door car with seating for the driver and a front passenger and only two people in the rear. It differs from a regular two-seater in that generally three people could sit in the rear seat and possibly three in the front. Usually the rear seats are very small and suitable only for children, small pets, or extra luggage.
Two second rule: The minimum gap or distance between two vehicles travelling in the same direction. As the vehicle in front of you passes a particular mark on the road or sign along the road, count two seconds and your vehicle should pass the same mark or sign. If road conditions are poor, the gap should be extended to three seconds or more. If you are following less than two seconds, there is not sufficient time to react to emergency evasive maneuvers to avoid the possibility of hitting the vehicle in front.
Two-stroke cycle engine: An engine requiring one complete revolution of the crankshaft to fire each piston once.
Two stroke: Two stroke: "reciprocating engine cycle in which the piston takes over some of the valve functions in order to obtain a power stroke each revolution of the crankshaft. This involves the use of ports in the cylinders which are covered and uncovered by the movements of the piston. As the piston moves down, it clears these ports so that the exhaust gases can exit and a fresh charge of mixture can enter at the same time. In a typical two-stroke engine the fuel-air mixture enters the crankcase through a reed valve. When the piston is at the bottom of the cylinder a port is uncovered. As prior movement of the piston has compressed the mixture in the crankcase, it flows into the cylinder. Further compression in the cylinder starts as soon as the piston reverses and covers the ports. At the same time compression is occurring in the cylinder, movement of the piston has created a vacuum in the crankcase which draws a fresh charge of mixture from the carburetor into the crankcase. The compressed charge is fired as the piston reaches top dead center. As expansion of the burning charge forces the piston downward, the reed valve in the crankcase closes and the mixture in the crankcase is compressed. As the piston uncovers the ports at the bottom of the stroke, compressed mixture from the crankcase enters the cylinder again and is deflected by a baffle on the piston head into the outer end of the cylinder. This incoming fresh mixture then assists in pushing the burned gases out of the cylinder and the cycle is repeated.
Tyre: British spelling of tire
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Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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fire83
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mõiste, sõnavara, sõnastik, termin, inglise keel
U
U-brakes: Heavy-duty centerpull mountain bike brakes that affix to frame posts.
U-joint: Abbreviation for "universal joint."
Ultimate cornering force: The maximum steady-state cornering or side force generated by the tires when a car is driven around a skidpad with the speed increased gradually until if it were increased further the car would slide off course.
Ultra 6: A freewheel designed to allow six cogs to fit into the space normally taken up by five.
Ultra 7: A freewheel designed to allow seven cogs to fit into the space normally taken up by six.
Umbrella: See valve umbrella.
Undercoating: The material sprayed on the underside of the automobile, under the hood, trunk lid, etc. which is designed to deaden sound and prevent the formation of rust.
Undercoats: All of the products used to prepare the surface to receive color coats (primers, surfaces, putties, sealers, etc.).
Under-square engine: An engine in which the bore diameter is smaller than the length of the stroke.
Understeer: The tendency for a car, when negotiating a corner, to turn less sharply than the driver intends. The front end wants to run wide in a turn. To correct this problem, the suspension needs to be stiffer in the front or softer in the rear. A front-engine car has a natural tendency to plow straight ahead on turns (i.e., understeer) unless its suspension is adjusted to counteract it.
Unit body: Unit body: Type of body/frame construction in which the body of the car, its floor plan and chassis form a single structure. Such a design is generally lighter and more rigid than a car having a separate body and frame.
Universal joint: A flexible double-pivoted joint that allows driving power to be carried through two shafts that are at an angle to each other. It consists of two Y-shaped yokes and a cross-shaped member called the spider. The four arms of the spider are assembled into bearings in the ends of the two yokes. With the normal cross-and-two-yoke universal joint there is some change in speed when the driveshaft and the driven shaft are at an angle to each other. The change in speed occurs because the driven yoke and driven shaft speed up and then slow down twice with every revolution of the drive line. The greater the angle between the drive and driven shafts, the greater the speed variation. To eliminate this speed variation, which results in increased wear of the affected parts, constant velocity joints are used on many cars. In front drive vehicles, it is called the constant velocity joint.
Unleaded gas: See lead free.
Unsprung weight: This refers to all parts of the car that are not supported by the suspension system, wheels, tires, etc. Also see sprung weight.
Updraft carburetor: A carburetor in which the air passes upward through the carburetor into the intake manifold.
Upholstery: The fabric used to cover the seats
Upset: 1. A widening of the diameter through pounding. 2. Turning a vehicle over because of an accident.
Upshift: Shifting to a higher gear.
Upthrust: The upward force produced when an object is immersed in a liquid or gas.
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'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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V
Vacuum: An enclosed area in which the air pressure is below that of the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Also see air-valve carburetor and manifold vacuum.
Vacuum advance: A mechanism on the side of the distributor that automatically varies the instant at which the spark occurs as a function of intake manifold vacuum. Vacuum advance provides the additional advance that is needed when the engine is operating at part throttle. At part throttle less air-fuel mixture gets into the cylinders and the mixture takes longer to burn after it is ignited. Because the mixture burns more slowly, the piston will be past top dead center and moving down before the mixture has a chance to burn and produce high power. As a result much of the power in the fuel will be lost. The vacuum advance mechanism consists of a flexible spring-loaded diaphragm connected by a linkage to the breaker plate on which the points are mounted. The sealed side of the diaphragm is connected by a tube to the carburetor. The throttle valve is below the vacuum passage in the carburetor air horn so there is no vacuum advance when the engine is idling because the throttle is closed. However, when the throttle is partly open, intake manifold vacuum pulls the diaphragm in and this causes the breaker plate to rotate a few degrees and advance the timing. With wide-open throttle there is very little vacuum in the intake manifold so there will be no vacuum advance. In most instances the vacuum advance is disconnected before checking the timing and point gap.
Vacuum assisted brakes: See brake booster.
Vacuum booster: A small diaphragm vacuum pump, generally in combination with the fuel pump, that is used to bolster engine vacuum during acceleration so that the vacuum operated devices will continue to operate.
Vacuum gauge: A gauge used to determine the amount of vacuum existing in a chamber.
Vacuum modulator: A small unit attached to the automatic transmission. If the car tends to stay in low gear, shifts with difficulty or produces whitish smoke, has an automatic transmission, and is constantly low in transmission fluid, try replacing the vacuum modulator before undertaking major repairs. Most vacuum modulators simply screw into place. See modulator.
Vacuum pump: A diaphragm type of pump used to produce a vacuum.
Vacuum runout point: This refers to the point reached when a vacuum brake power piston has built up all the braking force it is capable of with the vacuum available.
Vacuum tank: A tank in which a vacuum exists. It is generally used to provide vacuum to a power brake installation in the event engine vacuum cannot be obtained. The tank will supply several brake applications before the vacuum is exhausted.
Valve: A device used to either open or close an opening to allow or prevent the flow of a liquid or gas from one place to another. There are many different types. Also see air-valve carburetor, anti-backfire valve, anti-percolation valve, blowoff valve, brake proportioning valve, butterfly valve, bypass valve, check valve, compensator valve, economizer valve, exhaust valve, expansion valve, hydraulic valve lifter, intake valve, lightened valves, manifold heat control valve, overhead valves, PCV valve, poppet valve, power valve, pressure relief valve, presta valve, RAVE valve, reed valve, safety valve, Schrader valve, sodium-cooled valve, sodium valve, spool balance valve, spool valve, suction throttling valve, throttle valve, tire valve, and "variable valve actuation."
Valve bounce: See bounce.
Valve clearance: The distance between the small end of the valve stem and the rocker arm or valve lifter. This gap is necessary to compensate for expansion due to heat. Also called valve lash.
Valve cover: A long metal lid located on the top of the cylinder head on cars with overhead camshafts. The valve cover is removed when the valves need adjusting.
Valve duration: The length of time, measured in degrees of engine crankshaft rotation, that a valve remains open.
Valve face: The outer lower edge of the valve head. The face contacts the valve seat when the valve is closed.
Valve float: A condition where the valves in the engine are forced back open before they have had a chance to seat. Brought about (usually) by extremely high rpm.
Valve grinding: Renewing the valve face area by grinding on a special grinding machine.
Valve guide: The cylindrical hole which is located in the cylinder head or block through which the stem of the poppet valve passes. It is designed to keep the valve in proper alignment. It also serves as a bearing surface. Some guides are pressed into place and others are merely drilled in the block or in the head metal.
Valve-in-head engine: An engine in which both intake and exhaust valves are mounted in the cylinder head and are driven by pushrods or by an overhead camshaft. Also called "I-head engine" or "Overhead-valve engine."
Valve keeper: A small unit that snaps into a groove in the end of the valve stem. It is designed to secure the valve spring, valve spring retaining washer and valve stem together. Some are of a split design, some of a horseshoe shape, etc. Also called "valve key" or "valve retainer."
Valve key: See "valve keeper."
Valve lash: Valve tappet clearance or total clearance in the valve operating train with cam follower on camshaft base circle.
Valve lift: Distance a valve moves from the full closed to the full open position.
Valve lifter: See cam follower.
Valve margin: The width of the edge of the valve head between the top of the valve and the edge of the face. Too narrow a margin results in preignition and valve damage through over-heating.
Valve oil seal: A neoprene rubber ring that is placed in a groove in the valve stem to prevent excess oil entering the area between the stem and the guide. There are other type: Of these seals.
Valve overlap: A certain period in which both the intake and exhaust valve are partially open. The intake is starting to open while the exhaust is not yet closed.
Valve port: The opening, through the head or block, from the intake or exhaust manifold to the valve seat.
Valve retainer: See "valve keeper."
Valve rotator: A unit that is placed on the end of the valve stem so that when the valve is opened and closed, the valve will rotate a small amount with each opening and closing. This gives longer valve life.
Valve seat: The area onto which the face of the poppet seats when closed. The two common angles for this seat are forty-five and thirty degrees.
Valve seat grinding: Renewing the valve seat area by grinding with a stone mounted upon a special mandrel.
Valve seat insert: A hardened steel valve seat that may be removed and replaced. Also see insert.
Valve spring: A small coil spring that closes the valve after it has been opened by the cam, and prevents the valve from bouncing on its seat. The action of the spring keeps the lifter in contact with the cam. If the spring is weak, noise will be generated and the valve, spring, lifter and cam will be subjected to hammer-like blows that cause metal fatigue.
Valve stem: The long cylindrical portion of the valve that moves up and down in the valve guide.
Valve tappet: An adjusting screw to obtain the specified clearance at the end of the valve stem (tappet clearance). The screw may be in the top of the lifter, in the rocker arm, or in the case of the ball joint rocker arm, the nut on the mounting stud acts in place of a tappet screw.
Valve timing: Adjusting the position of the camshaft to the crankshaft so that the valves will open and close at the proper time.
Valve train: The various parts making up the valve and its operating mechanism which causes the valves to open and close
Valve umbrella: A washer-like unit that is placed over the end of the valve stem to prevent the entry of excess oil between the stem and the guide. Used in valve-in-head installations.
Vane: A thin plate that is affixed to a rotatable unit to either throw off air or liquid, or to receive the thrust imparted by moving air or liquid striking the vane. In the first case it would be acting as a pump and in the second case as a turbine.
Vapor injection: See water injection.
Vapor lock: This is an unwanted condition where bubbles of air form in the fuel line caused by boiling or vaporizing of the fuel in the lines from excess heat. The boiling will interfere with the movement of the fuel and the air bubbles which form will in some cases, completely stop the flow. Sometimes it will cause the float chamber to overflow which floods the carburetor and result in an over-rich mixture that can cause stalling of the engine when the accelerator is depressed. Fuels containing alcohol have lower boiling points and many old-car owners have installed more-powerful electric fuel pumps which overcome vapor lock tendencies of these fuels by pushing them through the air bubble. A wet rag will cool the line and get rid of the problem. To prevent the problem in hot weather, some mechanics wrap tinfoil around the fuel lines to reflect the heat away.
Vapor recovery system: A system that prevents the escape of gasoline vapors from the fuel system into the atmosphere. The basic system consists of a canister filled with activated charcoal and pipes connecting the canister to the fuel tank and carburetor. Any vapor-filled air that leaves the fuel tank because of expansion passes through special emission control pipes to the canister where the vapors are "grabbed" and stored by the charcoal. Then when the engine is started, intake manifold vacuum draws fresh outside air up through an opening in the canister. This moving air pulls the fuel vapor out of the charcoal and carries it to the carburetor and into the engine. In the meantime any gasoline that evaporates from the carburetor collects in the carburetor and air cleaner. As soon as the engine starts this vapor is drawn down through the carburetor and into the engine along with the entering fuel-air mixture. Also called evaporative emission control. Also see exhaust emission controls.
Vapor separator: A device used on cars equipped with air conditioning to prevent vapor lock by feeding vapors back to the gas tank via a separate line.
Vaporize: The action of converting a liquid into a mist or vapor by breaking it into small particles and mixing it with air. The design of the carburetor and fuel injectors vaporizes gasoline to produce a combustible fuel-air mixture. If it is not vaporized, the liquid gasoline may not burn properly and may even hydraulic. Also see hydraulic.
Vaporization: Breaking the gasoline into fine particles and mixing it with the incoming air.
Variable exhaust port: See adjustable variable exhaust port
Variable pitch stator: A stator that has vanes that may be adjusted to various angles depending on load conditions. The vane adjustment will increase or decrease the efficiency of the stator.
Variable transmission: See infinitely variable transmission.
Variable valve actuation: In older engines, the intake and exhaust valves operated in a fixed program of timed openings and closings. With variable valve actuation, these actions are varied for a better balance of low-speed, medium-speed, and high-speed operation.
Variable-venturi: See air-valve carburetor.
Varnish: 1. A deposit on the interior of the engine caused by the engine oil breaking down under prolonged heat and use. Certain portions of the oil deposit themselves in hard coatings of varnish. 2. Residue formed when gasoline gets old and stale
Vauxhall (25/70 and 30/98 only) (1925-1948): A classic car
Vector: A physical quantity which has direction such as force and momentum.
Vee engine: A type of engine with two banks of cylinders, each set at an angle to each other (in an end view) to form a V.
Velocity: The rate of motion in a particular direction.
Velocity joint: See constant velocity joint.
Vent: *
Vent wing: A small triangular-shaped side window which is located in front of the main front side windows. Vent wings can be swung out into the air stream to improve ventilation inside the car. Also called wind wings.
Ventilation: See flow-through ventilation.
Venturi: That part of a tube, channel, pipe, etc., so tapered as to form a smaller or constricted area. A liquid, or a gas, moving through this constricted area will speed up and as it passes the narrowest point, a partial vacuum will be formed. The taper facing the flow of air is much steeper than the taper facing away from the flow of air. The venturi principle is used in the air horn throat of the carburetor. Also see air-valve carburetor and "variable venturi"
Vibration damper: A round weighted device attached to the front of the crankshaft to minimize the torsional vibration. Also see harmonic balancer.
Viscometer: See Saybolt viscometer.
Viscosimeter: A device used to determine the viscosity of a given sample of oil. The oil is heated to a specific temperature and then allowed to flow through a set orifice. The length of time required for a certain amount to flow determine the oil's viscosity.
Viscosity: A measure of an oil's ability to pour or be thick. Every container of oil is marked with the viscosity of the oil. Straight weight (also called "single viscosity" or "single weight") oil has a single number like 30 weight. A lower number means the oil is thinner and is particularly good for lower temperatures. A higher number is better for hotter temperatures. Multigrade (also called "multiviscosity" or "multiweight") oil has two numbers like 10W40. When the temperature is low, a multigrade oil like 10W40 will act like a 10 weight oil; but when the temperature increases, it will act like a 40 weight. In this way, a multigrade oil is excellent for all-around driving.
Viscosity index: A measure of an oil's ability to resist changes in viscosity when heated.
Visor: *
Voisin (1925-1948): A classic car
Volatile: Easily evaporated.
Volatility: The property of gasoline, alcohol, etc., to evaporate quickly and at relatively low temperatures. For instance, gasoline is more volatile (has higher volatility) than kerosene because it evaporates at a lower temperature.
Volt: A unit of electrical pressure or force that will move a current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm.
Voltage: A difference in electrical potential between one end of a circuit and the other. Also called "electromotive force (EMF)." Voltage causes current to flow.
Voltage drop: The lowering of voltage due to excess length of wire, undersize wire, etc.
Voltage regulator: A device which maintains the correct voltage level in a car's electrical system by preventing the circuit voltage from exceeding a predetermined safe value. When the battery needs charging the regulator cuts resistance out of the generator field circuit, thus increasing the flow of current in that circuit, with the further result that output is increased. When the battery becomes fully charged, the resistance is cut back into the field circuit so that the charging rate is decreased. As the engine speed increases, the alternator increases and generates more voltage. Unchecked, the alternator might put out so much voltage that bulbs and other electrical components might burn out. To a certain extent, the battery acts as a voltage regulator, but it too can be damaged by an electrical system which does not have an operating voltage regulator.
Voltmeter: An instrument used to measure the voltage in a given circuit, in volts.
Volume: The measurement, in cubic inches, cubic feet, etc., of the amount of space within a certain object or area. Also see displacement.
Volumetric efficiency: A comparison between the actual volume of fuel mixture drawn in on the intake stroke and what would be drawn in if the cylinder were to be completely filled. Also see breathing capacity or air capacity.
Volute: A spiral-shaped case in which an impeller forces liquid in the direction it should go. Often used in pumps. Also see impeller
Vortex flow: The whirling motion of the oil in a torque converter as it moves around and around from the pump, through the turbine, through the stator and back into the pump and so on.
Volvo P.1800S, 2-door Coupe (1961-67): A milestone car
V-type engine: An engine in which the cylinders occur in two rows set at an angle to each other with the crankshaft running through the point of the V. The single crankshaft is turned by both banks of cylinders. The angle of displacement is generally between 60 and 90 degrees. Although the most common engines are V-8 and V-6, manufacturers have used V-4 and V-12.
____________________________
Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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W
Wandering: A condition in which the front wheels tend to steer one way and then another.
Wankel engine: A rotary internal combustion engine invented by Felix Wankel. It consists of an equilateral triangular member with curved sides orbiting about an eccentric on a shaft inside a stationary housing whose inner working surface is in the shape of an epitrochoid. The rotor is in sliding contact with the eccentric and imparts power to the eccentric shaft as a connecting rod does to a crankshaft. With one-third of a rotor revolution per shaft revolution and a power impulse for each of the three rotor sides, the Wankel generates one power impulse per revolution per rotor--twice that of what the 4-cycle piston engine produces. Thus it has become accepted practice to multiply the geometry displacement of the Wankel by a factor of two for comparison with Otto-cycle piston engines. The Wankel's advantages include compact size, light weight and smooth operation because there are no reciprocating parts. Its drawbacks include relatively high exhaust emission, possible sealing problems and low fuel economy. Mazda, however, has made significant improvements in all three areas.
Warranty: The promise made by both the vehicle manufacturer and the vehicle dealer to fix or replace parts on a new vehicle if there is a malfunction before a specific time or distance has elapsed. In some instances some manufacturers or dealers grant warranty even after the expiry of the designated time or distance. This is called "good will warranty."
Washer: A small disc with a hole in the center. Also see dish washer, thrust washer, and "windshield washer fluid."
Water injection: In an attempt to improve performance and allow the use of lower octane gasoline, water injection was developed. The cooling of the water vapor charge suppresses detonation. A small amount of water or alcohol-water fluid is injected into the fuel-air mixture as it enters into the carburetor. Theoretically, as the water evaporates it should cool the incoming charge which then becomes denser, leading to higher volumetric efficiency. This in turn should lead to improvements in performance and economy and allow the use of lower octane fuel because cooling of the charge suppresses detonation.
Water jacket: The area around the cylinders block and head or intake manifold that is left hollow so that water may be admitted for cooling. Also see cooling system.
Water pump: A device that circulates the liquid through the cooling system by pumping it from the engine water jackets to the radiator. The pump is usually mounted at the front of the engine and is driven by a belt from a pulley on the front end of the crankshaft.
Water separator: A device found on diesel cars which removes any water that may have contaminated the diesel fuel.
Water-spotting: Drops of water that mar the finish before it is thoroughly cured.
Watt: The international unit of measurement of power. One watt equals one joule per second.
Watt linkage: A suspension linkage which has three-bars to locate the De Dion or live axle. There are two usual methods for arranging a Watt linkage: frame to pivot on axle housing to frame or axle to pivot on frame to axle. In either arrangement, this link structure restrains all movement of the axle to a vertical plane.
Weap: *
Weathering: The change in appearance of paint caused by exposure to the elements.
Wedge: 1. Engine using wedge-shaped combustion chamber. The combustion chambers are flatter on one end than the other. 2. A simple machine consisting of a triangular shaped block, that can be forced into a gap, giving a greatly increased force.
Wedge combustion chamber: A combustion chamber using a wedge shape. It is quite efficient and lends itself to mass production and as a result is widely used.
Weight: The force of gravity acting upon a body. It is measured in Newtons. Also see mass, sprung weight, and unsprung weight.
Weightlessness: A condition when an object is in free fall. It does not mean that the object is completely out of the Earth's gravitational field.
Welch plug: A concave disk generally about 10 mm (3/8 inch) diameter used to plug a hole in a carburetor.
Weld: To join two pieces of metal together by raising the area to be joined to a point hot enough for the two sections to melt and flow together. Additional metal is usually added by melting small drops from the end of a metal rod while the welding is in progress. Also see arc welding and spot weld.
Welding: See Arc welding
Wet liner: A cylinder sleeve application in which the water in the coolingsystem contacts a major portion of the sleeve itself. Also see
Wet sleeve: See "wet liner."
Wheel: * Also see alloy wheel, chain wheel, chopped wheel, degree wheel, disc wheel, and drag wheel.
Wheel aligner: A device used to check camber, caster, toe-in, etc.
Wheel alignment: See alignment.
Wheel balancer: A machine used to check the wheel and tire assembly for static and dynamic balance.
Wheel balancing: A procedure that ensures that the weight of the wheel is distributed evenly to improve performance and cut tire wear. Static balancing distributes the weight of the wheel evenly around the axle or spindle and is done with the wheels off the car. Dynamic balancing distributes the weight evenly as the wheel and tire hang vertically down, also balances the brake drum, and can be done with the wheels on the car.
Wheelbase: The distance between the front and the rear axles on a car, motorcycle, or bicycle. In a few cars (e.g., Renault 5), the wheelbase is longer on one side of the car.
Wheel cylinder: 1. A small cylinder located at each wheel brake that uses brake fluid to exert hydraulic pressure, which forces the brake shoes against the brake drums and stops the car. 2. That part of the hydraulic brake system that receives pressure from the master cylinder and in turn applies the brake shoes to the drums. Also see brake backing plate.
Wheel hop: A hopping action of the rear wheels during heavy acceleration. Traction is lost and regained in rapid cycles after power is applied to the rear wheels. It indicates a need for different tires, better shocks, better springs, better axle control, different driving technique, or all of the above.
Wheel lug bolt: The bolts used to fasten the wheel to the hub. Also called "lug bolt."
Wheel weight: Small weights attached to the wheel to balance the wheel and tire assembly. Out of balance tires quickly wear out and also give erratic handling when installed on the front.
Wheelbase: The distance between the center of the front wheels and the center of the rear wheels.
Wheelie bars: Short arms attached to the rear of a drag racer to prevent the front end from rising too far off the ground during heavy acceleration. Arms are usually of spring material and have small wheels attached to the ends that contact the ground.
Whiplash: An injury to the head and neck of an occupant of a vehicle. The action is somewhat prevented by head restraints.
Whitewall: Tires that have a concentric white line. Some are up to four inches wide and called "wide whitewall"
Wide ovals: See "wide treads."
Wide-step gearing: A gearing system in which the step between the two chainrings is considerably greater than that found in most other systems.
Wide treads: Wide tires. Tire height, bead to tread surface is about 70 percent of tire width across outside of carcass.
Wills Sainte Claire (1925-1948): A classic car
Willys-Knight (Series 66) (1925-1948) [requires application to be a classic car]: A classic car
Willys Overland Jeepster (1948-51): A milestone car
Wind wing: See vent wing.
Winding: * See primary winding and shunt winding.
Winding the engine: Running the engine at top rpm.
Windscreen: British term for windshield.
Windshield: The primary piece of glass in front of the driver and front passenger. In some older vehicles, there was two pieces of glass. Both are considered the windshield, left and right side. In Britain, it is called the windscreen. Also see laminated windshield.
Windshield washer fluid: *
Wind trainer: A training device consisting of a frame in which a bicycle is fastened for stationary riding and a fan that creates wind resistance to simulate actual road riding.
Windup: See axle windup and spring windup.
Wing: An aerodynamic device attached to a vehicle to cause a downward force on the front or rear of the vehicle. It is often found in the shape of an inverted airplane wing. Also see airfoil and vent wings.
Wiper: *
Wired-on tire: A tire with a wire bead edge that fits inside a trough-shaped rim; the type of tire often inaccurately referred to as a "clincher."
Wires: Wire-spoked wheels or wire-spoke hubcaps.
Wiring diagram: A drawing showing the various electrical units and the wiring arrangement necessary for them to function properly.
Wiring harness: The collection of color-coded wires which connects all the vehicle's electrical components. Sometimes refers to the main bulk of wires, not the secondary wires which are plugged into the main collection.
Wishbone: The radius rod setup used in many of the older ford cars to keep the axle square with the frame. Also see A-arm.
Withdrawal: See liquid withdrawal.
Witness marks: Punch marks used to position or locate some part in its proper spot.
Wobble: See caster wobble.
Wood alcohol: See methanol
Woodill Wildfire (1952-58): A milestone car
Woodruff key: a half-moon shaped piece of metal used to secure something to a shaft which has a notch cut in the shaft to accommodate the key.
Woodie: Refers to a wood-bodied vehicle, especially station wagons of the '30s and 40s.
Work: Production of an effect by exertion of a force. Energy is needed to do work and work is measured in joules.
Worm and roller: A type of steering gear using a worm gear on the steering shaft. A roller on one end of the cross shaft engages the worm.
Worm and sector: A type of steering gear using a worm gear engaging a sector (a portion of a gear) on the cross shaft.
Worm and taper pin: A type of steering gear using a worm gear on the steering shaft. The end of the cross shaft engages the worm via a taper pin.
Worm gear: A coarse, spiral shaped gear cut on a shaft. It is used to engage with and drive another gear or portion of a gear. As used in the steering gearbox, it often engages the cross shaft via a roller or by a tapered pin.
Wrench: A device for removing nuts, bolts, and other fasteners. Also see Allen wrench, lug wrench, monkey wrench, socket wrench, spanner, spark plug socket, and torque wrench.
Wrist pin: See piston pin.
____________________________
Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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X-Z
X-type engine: An engine in which the cylinders occur in four rows set at an angle from each other with the crankshaft running through the intersection of the X. The single crankshaft is turned by all banks of cylinders.
Yoke: 1. The yellow of an egg. 2. A triangular metal piece used to connect the main brake cable with the stirrup cable in a centerpull brake system. Also known as a "saddle" or "pick-up."
Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen: See ZF
Z'ed: When a frame is cut, usually in front of the rear wheels, and a section is welded in to raise the axle so large tires can be used at stock body heights, racers say their car has been z'ed [pronounced ZEED, not ZED], referring to the new appearance of the frame.
Zener diode: A semiconductor used on British motorcycles for many years as a voltage regulator. When the voltage across the zener diode reached a certain point, the element would begin to conduct current, routing it to ground, thus preventing the battery from overcharging.
Zerk fitting: A small valve that allows grease to be added to a ball joint with a grease gun and prevents the grease from leaking out when pressure is placed on the area. Also called "Grease fitting."
____________________________
Arvutiporno
'08 Oranzh HHR LT
'93 Must TransAm
'83 Punane Firebird |
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